My Beautiful Laundrette By Hanif Kureishi And Directed By...

My Beautiful Laundrette, a 1985 film written by Hanif Kureishi and directed by Stephen Frears, was heavily shaped by the surrounding social and economic climate taking place under Thatcherism. In the Thatcher era, an emphasis was put upon the return to Victorian values- including the encouragement of the self-made man, meaning that great importance was put upon individual interest as a opposed to communal ones. The government privatized industries that were formally nationalized. Inevitably, the gap between the upper and lower class increased. Under the conservative rule of Thatcher, other morals were encouraged such as the concept of a nuclear family, the preservation of British culture, ignoring or denouncing homosexuality, and†¦show more content†¦Considered to be â€Å"social realist† films, they reflected and acknowledged issues in present society and criticized Thatcherism. In 1982, Channel 4 was launched, a network that financed low-budget independent films and encouraged cultural diversity, giving voices to those who had continuously been ignored. With this in mind, it should be obvious that the majority of these films had an extreme opposition to Thatcher and the principles encouraged under her influence. My Beautiful Laundrette was among the numerous films produced by channel 4. Shot with 16mm film, typically used for home videos or documentaries, this only increased the sense of realism portrayed. The film had been made â€Å"so cheaply and quickly and out of love,† it was never expected t o reach any sort of commercial success or be viewed amongst a wide audience (Kureishi 1992) â€Å"Their success helped illustrate that it was possible to make films about non-traditional subjects and reach large audiences† (1992). Being produced by channel 4 and representing minority audiences, one can deduce that the core features of the film were to challenge ideologies under the rule of Thatcher, which both Stephen Frears and Krusichi have been critical of. Frears has stated, â€Å"She has divided the country between north and south, between the employed and unemployed, between the rich and the poor, between the people who’ve got

Essay on Nature vs. Nurture The Biology of Sexuality

Biology is a science and the questions are if women and men are predetermined by this science and if it has an impact on peoples behaviours. This questions are difficult to argue about because we do not have the right answer and everyone has a subjective point of view. It appears mostly as a philosophical debate. The science itself researches concrete facts trying to understand the reflection on knowledge and conscientiousness in achievements of sciences. First of all, we have to make the difference between sex and gender. Biological sex includes physical attributes such as sex chromosomes, hormones and internal reproductive structures and external genitalia. This is what identify individuals as male or female at birth. Gender has†¦show more content†¦The women potential of giving birth is a biological predisposition, which creates the major gap between the two sexes leading to the cause of the debate about womens role in the society. Many scientists argue over the fact that as only women are able to give birth they have innate sense to take care of babies so they have to stay home, but the men on the other hand dont have this inner sense and their only occupation is the work. This dissimilitude will set in the  « sexes war  » that is emphasised by stereotypes. Whats more, men used to be physically stronger than women because nowadays, thanks to hormonal supplement women also can have as much muscles as men, for example in body-building sport. Certainly there are distinctions between males and females but it is more accurate to say that men and women are complement rather than different. Moreover, it is proven that hormones have some influences on males and females behaviour, especially upon animals. Nevertheless unlike animals, human being should be able to escape from this determinism because he is fitted with a brain and mind. According to the article from  « Le Monde  », titled  « Nous avons tous des cerveaux diffà ©rents  », if biolo gical constraints would have an impact on mens and womens behaviour, we should expected to invariant features common to all civilizations. But its not the case, thus biological pattern do not become established. The twoShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality : Nature And Nature871 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality: Nature or nurture By: Clifnie francois Advance Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara June 4 2015 Abstract The nature and nature of homosexuality is heavily debated. Some people believe that homosexuality is biologically determined and others believe it’s base on ones environment. This topic can be argue to be base on both nature and nurture. Studies conducted in the past decades support both the biological and environmentalRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Psychology And Biology1449 Words   |  6 Pages Nature vs. Nurture is one of the most prevalent theories in psychology and biology; scientists previously believed that personality traits were derived from either genetics or environmental elements, but more recently have concluded that both factors play a role in the expression of genes. However, the influences of genetics and environmental factors on sexual orientation is still a controversial topic which is currently being discussed in both psychological and biological debates. While many researchersRead MoreStudy questions Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesand your u nderstanding of the concepts. Gender and Difference in a Globalizing World Chapter 1. Gender, Difference and Globalization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. How is gender related to and affected by factors such as race, class and sexuality? Why are these factors difficult to label and identify? How has anthropology changed since its origins? 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Nurture1168 Words   |  5 PagesThis is an exploration that will summarize and investigate the researched biology and science background comparing the neurological anatomy and science of a heterosexual and homosexual man through the studies; Simon LeVay, Roselli, Hamers, Sanders, Hansen. The perception of whether homosexuality conforms to the course of nature vs. nurture can influence the amount of scrutiny judged upon affected individuals. So, the purpose of this extended essay is to answer the research question of to what extentRead MoreIs Homosexuality Or Not?1707 Words   |  7 Pagessociety today. While some people argue that homosexu ality is genetic, some people also believe that it is nature and not nurture. Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. Genetic processes work in combination with an organism s environment and experiences that influence development and behavior of the organism, often stated to as nature vs nurture. Trait inheritance of genes is still a main principle of genetics in the 21st century. Modern genetics hasRead MoreIs Homosexuality Or Not?1294 Words   |  6 Pagessociety today. While some people argue that homosexuality is genetic, some people also believe that it is nature and not nurture. Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. Genetic processes work in combination with an organism s environment and experiences that influence development and behavior of the organism, often stated to as nature vs nurture. Trait inheritance of genes is still a main principle of genetics in the 21st century. Modern g enetics hasRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Biological And Social Factors Essay1771 Words   |  8 PagesNature vs. nurture is a well known argument that is often discussed by many psychologists, philosophers, and even everyday people. 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Free Sample- Bugs And Buds In Fast Food Industry Of Pakistan

Question: Describe about the Bugs and Buds in Fast Food Industry of Pakistan? Answer: In order to perform the internal as well as external analysis of the fast food restaurant to be start up in Pakistan, an in-depth knowledge of the same shall be procured. Firstly, SWOT analysis i.e. strengths, weakness, opportunities threats shall be done to perform the internal analysis. The SWOT analysis shall be done keeping in mind Pakistans fast food industry. Whereas, to perform the external analysis porters five forces model, PESTEL analysis (political, economic, social, technological and legal) and identification of the key players in Pakistan so as to see what position the fast food restaurant will have in the years to come. Based upon the fast food industry analysis, McDonalds, Pizza Hut, Dominos KFC are the main players operating in Pakistan. These chains have a better edge over the various small fast food chains plying in Pakistan (Rawalpindi). Internal analysis of Fast Food Company SWOT Analysis: Strengths Real Estate: Location plays a vital role in capturing more customers. Location matters as it attracts more customers. For example, the best place to start up the fast food company is near the hostel or college or school or hospitals (Saloner, Shepard Podolny, 2001). Strong management: It is the management which marks the success or failure of any food joint. With the help of strong management, the fast food restaurant will be able to reach its potential. Strong management has a strong impact on the functioning of the fast food company. Therefore, more weight shall be put on it. Cost advantage has an impact on the smooth functioning of the fast food industry; hence more weight shall be put on it. Continuous innovation product development will help the fast food restaurant to have a competitive edge as compared to its competitors (Saloner, Shepard Podolny, 2001). Professional training of the employees to ensure high quality for all the customers. Weaknesses Inefficiency work environment: An inefficient working environment means that, the services are being offered in an effective manner. Work efficiencies have a significant role in the smooth running of the restaurant. Lack of online presence results in lost opportunities for fast food restaurant. Obsolete technology can also lead to high levels of disasters in case of the fast food industry (Saloner, Shepard Podolny, 2001). Weak Research development (RD) will have a long tern negative impact on the fast food restaurant. Lack of advertisements will lead to less marketing and hence there will less revenue Fast Food restaurant might attract negative press review for selling junk food to the children at reasonable prices. High set up cost High employee turnover rate Opportunities The fast food restaurant can enter the organic food industry as people are becoming more health conscious (Sadler, 2003). Fast food restaurant shall expand its menu by adding more dishes rather than only serve alloo tikki burgers noodles. The fast food restaurant shall sponsor certain events for the kids or adults. The fast food restaurants shall cater to various other added services such as internet services. This will act as an added advantage for the fast food restaurant. Once the fast food restaurant attains goo response from Pakistan, the next step shall be to expand its outlets and capture the untapped markets (Plunkett, 2013). High levels of innovation will help the fast food restaurant produce unique products thereby meet the needs of the customer. Threats High health awareness might have a negative impact on the fast food restaurant. Negative media can also have a significant impact on the fast food restaurant. High levels of competition can also be one of the major threats for fast food restaurant. The sales revenue generated by the company totally depends upon the economic status of the country. Hence, economic stability of the country plays a vital role (Sadler, 2003). Change in the government regulations can have a negative impact on the fast food restaurant. Threats from the various global competitors such as KFS, Pizza Hut, McDonalds, Dominos, etc. One of the major threats for fast food restaurant can be seen in regards to the change in taste of the consumers (Moodys Investors Services, 2009). The taste of the consumers changes quickly. Therefore, the fast food restaurant shall be aware as to what food items shall be served. External analysis of Fast Food Company Porters Five forces Model: (Source: Parkhe, Smith Chandran, 1993) The fives forces porters model illustrates how a particular industry performs. The five forces porters model helps to have an in depth view of the political social economic environmental and legal aspects of Pakistans fast food industry. According to the five force porter model, there are five main forces upon which, the entire industry revolves. Each of the factors mentioned above plays an essential role in the competitiveness of the industry. Threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants in Pakistans fast food industry is extremely high. It has been noticed that, the various foreign brands such as McDonalds, Pizza Hut, Dominos, and KFC have captured more than half population (Lutke Entrup, 2005). According to the survey, it has been seen that opening a restaurant in Pakistan is an inexpensive tasks these days. Therefore, the budget constraint makes it easy for anyone to come up with a new restaurant. Bargaining power of buyers: The bargaining of buyers is opposite the bargaining power of the suppliers. The bargaining powers of the customers play an important role in setting the price of the commodity (Mcguire Linde, 2006). It shall be seen that, when the bargaining power of the buyers is high, they have the capacity to fix the price of the same. It has been seen that, the people who come to fast food restaurant tends to demand high quality food with an overwhelming dining experience at a reasonable price attached to it. It shall be seen by the fast food chain owners that, the price attached to it shall be less or at par with the fast food chains. If the fast food chains raise their prices, the customers would switch to a big or a global brand restaurant. The fast food chain shall be able to maintain reasonable prices only then; they will be able to gain reasonable growth in the fast food market (Jeffs, 2008). In order to be in the market, fast food restaurant shall use various d ifferentiated offer just like McDonalds happy meals (catering to children as their target group), Two for Tuesday Dominos (buy 1 get one), Drive way thru McDonalds (provides buyers with the convenience to eat while they drive through their office r workplace). Bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining power of the suppliers is weak, but still it has a major impact on the functioning of the industry. It has been seen that, most of the restaurant get food from various different sources (Hosseinzadeh, 2014). For example, most restaurants offer meat. There are many options available with the organization as to what do they choose. Another example is the supply of soft drink. In all the major restaurants, soft drink is dominated by Coco Cola Pepsi due to its well managed supply chain. Moreover, Pepsi Coco Cola provides its users with refrigerators dispensers to pour the drink. This helps the company to market about their product. Competitive rivalry: Competition amongst the firms is high in Pakistans fast food industry. It is seen that, companies can try to attain competitive advantage from its rivals by either changing its prices or by improving the product or by using a different channel of distribution or lastly, by exploiting the relations with the suppliers. Threat of substitutes: The threat of substitutes in Pakistan food industry is moderate. Substitutes are easily available. It is seen that, food can be purchased from anywhere ranging from a thellewala to a branded food chain or from a retail food store (Grunert Wills, 2007). However, the convenience attached with the same is the value adding component along with the service which reduces the threat of substitutes. People can cook at home cheaply, but it lacks convenience which is the need of the hour these days. One of the main source of threat is the Pakistani cuisine. The prices charged by the ready to cook meals are somewhat same compared to the price charged by the fast food restaurant (Key Note, 2009). There are many options available in front of the customers and they tend to pick as per their choice pocket. PESTEL Analysis Political Analysis: The political stability of any country plays a very important role in the smooth functioning of the food industry. Some of the factors such as type of government, government policies, trade policies internal business conditions play a vital role in development of the food industry. Lastly, the Restaurant Act 1976 will be applicable on the fast food restaurant. The political stability of Pakistan makes it easy for the food joint owners to come up with their ventures. Economic and Environmental Analysis: It has been seen that, the economic factors are closely related to the performance of the Pakistans fast food industry. The performance of the Pakistans fast food industry is positively correlated to the environment in which it is being operated (Choe Min, 2007). It shall be taken into consideration that, while setting up the fast food restaurant in Pakistan choice of location will play an important role in capturing the target audience. The location for fast food restaurant shall be set up at a place which is dominated by the youth. For example, the apt place for setting up the fast food restaurant will be nearby the hostels or colleges or schools (Garber Rustig, 2011). The fast food restaurant shall provide various deals or offers so that a better response is picked up from the initial stage itself. Social Analysis: The socio-cultural analysis also plays a vital role in improving the overall efficiency of the fast food industry. The efficiency of the fast food industry is improved with increased civilization people as some of them prefer home deliveries some prefer to enjoy their life by going out have some snack shack. When catering to the population of Pakistan, it is taken more as an amusement activity (Choe Min, 2007). While keeping in mind this factor, some of the other factors which shall be catered to be increasing health awareness, change in the eating habits of the population, increasing awareness towards health living media attention. Technological Analysis: In todays dynamic and ever changing environment, technology plays a vital role in the overall efficiency of the fast food industry. Use of technology has satisfactory satisfying results on the growth of the market. The use of internet or technology helps in attracting customers as well as grabbing their attention (Chaffey, 2009). With the help of various modern technologies, the fast food restaurant in Pakistan will be able to market about it publicize amongst its target audience. In the initial stages of development, fast food restaurant shall give various offers and packages to its customers so as to increase its sales volume. Legal Analysis: While opening a fast food chain in Pakistan, it shall be noticed that restaurants should comply with the specific rules regulations. Some of the rules and regulations which shall be followed by the restaurant owners are opening hours, taxation reforms, employment regulations, etc. In most of the cases, restaurant owners are required to match with the food standards such as Food Drug Administration (FDA). Moreover, authorities have taken various steps to avoid obesity amongst children (as they are the main target audience). Marketing Strategies of Fast Food Restaurant: Fast Food industry in Pakistan has been referred to as one of the highly competitive and dynamic industries. Therefore, to have a competitive edge in depth market research should be done by fast food restaurant (Byars, Rue Zahra, 1996). Fast food restaurant in Pakistan should know its target audience, what they want develop the marketing strategies according their taste preferences. Some of the marketing strategies which shall be adopted by fast food restaurant have been discussed as follows: Collectibles: The first marketing strategy which shall be adopted by Fast Food Restaurant in Pakistan to increase its sales could be with the help of collectibles. This marketing strategy will help Fast Food Restaurant to attract kids (Brody Lord, 2000). Market segmentation: Market Segmentation refers to the second marketing strategy which shall be used by Fast Food Restaurants in Pakistan to patronize the restaurant. Based upon market segmentation, the restaurant will be able to frame clusters and serve their customers based upon their taste preferences (Bender Bender, 1995). Loyalty programs: Loyalty programs refer to the next best marketing strategy for the fast food restaurant in Pakistan. Fast Food restaurant shall give cards to their customers on whom they will get discounts or reward points which can be reimbursed on any of the occasions (anniversary or birthday) (Arshad, 2012). For example, free welcome drinks for customers who possess the loyalty card or a free meal after the 12th In-store marketing: Some of the in-store marketing techniques which could be used by Food fast Restaurant are: Brochures Word of mouth advertising (cheapest and one of the most common ways of marketing) Wall posters Name the dishes interestingly which attracts kids or the youth Grand opening Catering Signage or bill-boards Design concept Merchandising items such as coffee mugs, t-shirts, balls, photo frames, posters, bed sheets, etc. Local store marketing Company web page Article in local magazine Advertisement in magazine Campaigns in the newspaper Mails to the customers References Arshad, M. (2012). Bugs and Buds in Fast Food Industry of Pakistan Effect of Swot on the Performance of Fast Food Industry in Pakistan.School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal. Bender, A.E. and Bender, D.A. (1995). A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Brody, A. and Lord, J. (2000).Developing new food products for a changing marketplace. Lancaster, Pa.: Technomic Pub. Co. Byars, L., Rue, L. and Zahra, S. (1996).Strategic management. Chicago: Irwin. Chaffey, D (2009),Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice,Harlow: Pearson Education Choe, E and Min, D (2007), Chemistry of Deep-Fat Frying Oils,Journal of Food Science, Volume 72, Issue 5, ppR77-R86 Garber, A and Rustig, R (2011), Is fast food addictive?,Current Drug Abuse Review,Volume 4, Issue 3, pp146-162 Grunert, K and Wills, J (2007), A review of European research on consumer response to nutrition information on food labels,Journal of Public Health,Volume 15, Issue 5, pp385-399. Hammad Mashhadi and, A. and Ijaz-Ur-Rehma, Q. (2015). Impact of External Environment on the Performance of the Fast Food Industry.International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 1(1), pp.19-25. Hayes, D. and Miller, A. (2011).Revenue management for the hospitality industry. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Hosseinzadeh, M. (2014). The role of market orientation on market chaos: A case study fast food industry.10.5267/j.msl, pp.439-442. J., Mcguire, M., Linde, J., (2006), Are fast food restaurants an environmental risk factor for obesity? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 32. Jeffs, C. (2008).Strategic management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Key Note (2009),Fast-Food Home-Delivery Outlets Market Update 2009, London: Key Note. Lutke Entrup, M. (2005).Advanced planning in fresh food industries. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Moodys Investors Services (2009),Fast-Food Advantage, New York: Alacra Store. Parkhe, A., Smith, M. and Chandran, R. (1993). An Application of Porter's Strategic Management Framework to Fast Food Retailing Performance.Journal of Food Products Marketing, 1(2), pp.43-55. Plunkett, J. (2013).Plunkett's Food Industry Almanac 2013. Houston: Plunkett Research, Ltd. Sadler, P. (2003).Strategic management. Sterling, VA: Kogan Page. Saloner, G., Shepard, A. and Podolny, J. (2001).Strategic management. New York: John Wiley. Vladimirov, Z. (2011). Implementation of food safety management system in Bulgaria. British Food Journal. vol 113, no. 1, pp. 50~65. Warsi, K. and Nisa, S. (n.d.). Food Retailing: Fast Food Industry.SSRN Journal. Zwart, A. and Fearne, A. (1994).Strategic alliances in the European food industry. [London]: Wye College, University of London.

Network Mediums Essays - Signal Cables, IEEE Standards,

Network Mediums With the emergence of the Ethernet LAN (Local Area Network) introduced in the early 1970s by Xerox, the telecommunications world has welcomed this newfound gift with open arms. Since communications is such a vital aspect of all businesses these days, proper acquaintance with this marvelous technology can greatly enhance your companys productivity and efficiency. In this paper, we will reflect into the many different characteristics of media that the LANs are based upon and compare/contrast these different medias. There are basically four types of media used for Local Area Networks. The most commonly used are twisted copper pairs, Coaxial cables, Fiber Optic, and the Wireless technology. Twisted copper wire, also known, as the common telephone wire is very similar to the wires used in telephone systems. However, the twisted pair wire required for reliable data transmission is of a heavier gauge than the telephone wire. It uses 24 to 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge, www.datapro.com). The purpose of twisting the copper wires together is to minimize the interference between the two adjacent wires. Otherwise, there would be too much line noise to transfer voice or data efficiently. There are two different types of twisted pairs that are used to transmit data. The STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) and the UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair). Just like it sounds, the STP is a special kind of copper telephone wiring used in some business installations. An outer covering or a shield is added to the twisted pair acting as a ground. This process shields the twisted pair from EMI (Electro-magnetic Interference), which will disturb the data transmission greatly. The UTP is just a twisted pair w ithout the extra shielding. It just relies on the copper twists to protect it from the EMI. The twisted pairs are grades into five different categories by their data carrying ability. The 6th grade is still in the works. (Please refer to the diagram below: www.whatis.com) Category Maximum data rate Usual application CAT 1 Less than 1 Mbps Analog voice (plain old telephone service)ISDN Basic Rate InterfaceDoorbell wiring CAT 2 4 Mbps Mainly used in the IBM Cabling System for Token Ring networks CAT 3 16 Mbps Voice and data on 10BASE-T Ethernet CAT 4 20 Mbps Used in 16Mbps Token RingOtherwise not used much CAT 5 100 Mbps 100 Mbps TPDDI155 Mbps ATM As you can see, the twisted pairs can range greatly in bandwidth by the different levels of CATs. For a LAN environment, the CAT 2 and above are used because they can transmit greater amounts of data. These generally are used for Token Ring LANs except for the CAT 3, which is only supported by the Ethernet LANs. Most companies who have networks in the offices use twisted pair system to run their LAN. Using the twisted pair media for LANs is very attractive because of its low cost; mainly the UTP setup because it cost much less than the STPs and the STP cabling are far more difficult to put into walls than the UTPs. On the other hand, the risk of going with the twisted pair setup is the instability of the data flow because its susceptibility to line interference. The coaxial cabling is known as the Original LAN Media (www.datapro.com). The Coaxial cable is similar to the copper wires with the exception that one wire is braided or solid sheath that encompasses the other wire. Insulation material separates the two wires, the center wire is at high signal level, and the shield wire is at ground potential. The grounding of the outer shielding wire means that interference cannot penetrate the coaxial cable and induce noise onto the circuit. Shielded also do not radiate signals to other circuits as non-shielded circuits. The coaxial media also has two variations. The thick Ethernet, which runs on RG-8 coaxial cabling with a diameter of 0.4 and the thin Ethernet, which uses RG-58 coaxial cable with a diameter of 0.25. (www.datapro.com). Using a coaxial cable provides a much larger analog bandwidth and digital transmission speed. Also the attenuation per mile is much grater than twisted-pair circuits. Along with the added features versus the twisted pair, the coaxial cabling does cost significantly more. Fiber optic media can be considered to be the best media available for LANs.

Free Essays on The Preservation Of A Precious Culture

The Preservation of a Precious Culture The institution of slavery was very trying for newly captured Africans. They had to survive the â€Å"middle passage† and legions of cruelties and atrocities committed against them before they even faced the hardships of America. Once in the new world and on the plantations Africans had to deal with the continual pressures of enslavement and dominance from another culture. Slave masters intervened continually in the lives of their slaves, from directing their labor to approving or disapproving marriages. Some masters made elaborate written rules, and most engaged in constant meddling, directing, nagging, threatening, and punishing. Many took advantage of their position to exploit slave women sexually. What slaves hated most about slavery was not the hard work to which they were subjected, but their lack of control over their lives, their lack of freedom. Slaves developed their own way of life and struggled to increase their independence while their masters strove to limit it. Enslaved African Americans developed a sense of racial identity. They naturally drew together, helping each other in danger, need, and resistance. The resource that enabled slaves to maintain such defiance was their culture: the body of beliefs and values born of their past and their present. It was not possible for slaves to change their world but by drawing strength from their culture they could resist their condition and struggle against it. In the face of this type of adversity, one would imagine that it would be hard to retain ones culture, much less ones sanity. Yet through, storytelling, religion and music African Americans managed to preserve their culture. Slaves used these mediums, among other things to, lift their spirits, let out their sorrows, pass down tradition, and give them hope for the future. Many times they infused European inventions, such as Christianity, with their own brand of African wo... Free Essays on The Preservation Of A Precious Culture Free Essays on The Preservation Of A Precious Culture The Preservation of a Precious Culture The institution of slavery was very trying for newly captured Africans. They had to survive the â€Å"middle passage† and legions of cruelties and atrocities committed against them before they even faced the hardships of America. Once in the new world and on the plantations Africans had to deal with the continual pressures of enslavement and dominance from another culture. Slave masters intervened continually in the lives of their slaves, from directing their labor to approving or disapproving marriages. Some masters made elaborate written rules, and most engaged in constant meddling, directing, nagging, threatening, and punishing. Many took advantage of their position to exploit slave women sexually. What slaves hated most about slavery was not the hard work to which they were subjected, but their lack of control over their lives, their lack of freedom. Slaves developed their own way of life and struggled to increase their independence while their masters strove to limit it. Enslaved African Americans developed a sense of racial identity. They naturally drew together, helping each other in danger, need, and resistance. The resource that enabled slaves to maintain such defiance was their culture: the body of beliefs and values born of their past and their present. It was not possible for slaves to change their world but by drawing strength from their culture they could resist their condition and struggle against it. In the face of this type of adversity, one would imagine that it would be hard to retain ones culture, much less ones sanity. Yet through, storytelling, religion and music African Americans managed to preserve their culture. Slaves used these mediums, among other things to, lift their spirits, let out their sorrows, pass down tradition, and give them hope for the future. Many times they infused European inventions, such as Christianity, with their own brand of African wo...

Definition of the Triangle Trade (Rum and Slave Trade)

Definition of the Triangle Trade (Rum and Slave Trade) In the 1560’s, Sir John Hawkins pioneered the way for the slave triangle that would take place between England, Africa, and North America.   While the origins of the slave trade from Africa can be traced back to days of the Roman Empire, Hawkins voyages were the first for England. The country would see slave trade flourish through more than 10,000 recorded voyages up through March 1807 when the British Parliament abolished it throughout the British Empire and specifically across the Atlantic with the passage of the Slave Trade Act. Hawkins was very cognizant of the profits that could be made from the slave trade and he personally made three voyages. Hawkins was from Plymouth, Devon, England and was cousins with Sir Francis Drake. It is alleged that Hawkins was the first individual to make a profit from each leg of the triangular trade. This triangular trade consisted of English goods such as copper, cloth, fur and beads being traded on the African for slaves who were then trafficked on what has become to be known as the infamous Middle Passage. This brought them across the Atlantic Ocean to then be traded for goods that had been produced in the New World, and these goods were then transported back to England. There was also a variation of this system of trade that was very commonplace during the  colonial era in American History. New Englanders traded extensively, exporting  many commodities  such as fish, whale oil, furs, and rum and followed the following pattern that occurred as follows: New Englanders manufactured and shipped rum to the west coast of Africa in exchange for slaves.The slaves were taken on the Middle Passage to the West Indies where they were sold for molasses and money.The molasses would be sent to New England to make rum and start the entire system of trade all over again. In the colonial era, the various colonies played different roles in what was produced and used for trade purposes in this triangular trade. Massachusetts and Rhode Island were known to produce the highest quality rum from the molasses and sugars that had been imported from the West Indies.   The distilleries from these two colonies would prove to be vital to the continued triangular slave trade that was extremely profitable. Virginia’s tobacco and hemp production also played a major role as well as cotton from the southern colonies.   Any cash crop and raw materials that the colonies could produce were more than welcome in England as well as throughout the rest of Europe for trade. But these types of goods and commodities were labor intensive, so the colonies relied on the use of slave for their production that in turn helped to fuel the necessity of continuing the trade triangle. Since this era is generally considered to be the age of sail, the routes that were used were chosen due to the prevailing wind and current patterns. This meant that is was more efficient for the countries situated in Western Europe to first sail southward until they reached the area known for the â€Å"trade winds† before heading west towards the Caribbean in lieu of sailing a straight course to the American colonies. Then for the return trip to England, the ships would travel the Gulf Stream and head in a Northeast direction utilizing the prevailing winds from the west to power their sails. It is important to note that the triangle trade was not an official or rigid system of trade, but instead a name that has been given to this triangular route of trade that existed between these three places across the Atlantic. Further, other triangle-shaped trade routes existed at this time. However, when individuals speak of the triangle trade, they are typically referring to this system.

Abandoning or Keeping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abandoning or Keeping - Essay Example Upon reaching the new destinations, immigrants experience many problems such as the new culture adaption and keeping up with different local customs. The imminent question from the experiences then is reason behind abandoning own native culture and people and facing challenges in new environments. The realization of blood is thicker than water becomes evident from the experience of immigrants in new regions. According to Gary Shteyngart’s memoir; â€Å"Little Failure† and a movie named â€Å"Everything Is Illuminated†, immigration is not only a population movement and change. On a more important note, there are implications based on the political, cultural and economical aspects of a population migration. An appreciative perspective is on the cultural angles where multicultural consequences results from migrations. From the Shteyngart’ memoir; â€Å"Little Failure†, Shteyngart articulates his story and experiences through a sickly Soviet childhood, middle-school bullying, and own insecurities prior to his success. Shteynagart’s background was that of a typical Russian-Jewish immigrant based family. Shteyngart tried to join the American life but his parents were Russian traditionalists. This reciprocated to Shteyngart experiencing many problems while he lived in America as an immigrant. After he graduated from the university, he tried working as a paralegal for a civil rights law firm but was unsuccessful. However, it was his parent’s dream to achieve the American dream. His parents pushed him towards attaining the American Dream in multiple occasions. Shteyngart tried establishing himself within a new environment in order to get rid of the immigrant geared mentality (Shteyngart 4). Shteyngart embraced the an old proverb that postulates that ‘When in Rome do as the Romans do†. He recalls reminding himself and internalizing inwardly â€Å"Where am I? I am in Manhattan, the chielborought of New York City, the biggest city in America. Where am I not? I am

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

2 - Assignment Example The questions are appropriate for use when there is no time available for a comprehensive research. They are also used when marketing researchers want to obtain data on consumers’ background information. Their purpose is to elicit specific information in a simple way and use the data to ascertain the statistical significance of other market survey results (Reid & Bojanic, 2010). Open-ended questions are investigative, and they provide rich qualitative data. It allows respondents to give answers they think are most appropriate. The questions provide marketing researchers with the opportunity to gain insight into various opinions on topics they are not conversant with. Due to the questions’ qualitative nature, they cannot provide sound statistical significance necessary for a conclusive research. They are appropriate for use when doing marketing research that involves small groupings of people. They can also be used when a researcher wants to gain preliminary information before he or she can proceed to a quantitative research. The questions main purpose is to help marketing researchers obtain in-depth information and facts about a product (Reid & Bojanic,

Market Demand Essay Example for Free

Market Demand Essay The calculation above shows that Bonia Group practice elastic demand for the previous 10 years. This is mainly due to strong competition among competitors. Bonia Group, which target the mid-high price range market encounter a few international branding competitor like Calvin Klein, DKNY, Paris Hilton, Armani Exchange and Lacoste in the market and were highly competitive for years. Bonia Group was advised to avoid price increase for the coming years as sales figures for the past 10 years show that Bonia Group were in elastic demand. In order to increase yearly sales amount, the Group could actually remain or decrease price as in elasticity demand, sales growth is oppositely proportional to price. They are always encourage to remain or decrease the price, and at the same time remain the quality and material of goods to boost up the sales quickly and to show immediate results. Besides that, the mid-high price range in Bonia Group show that their products are actually inferior goods. In order to overcome the coming economic crisis and recession, lower down the price range to normal goods is another way to avoid for profit losing. Economists predict that beginning from this year, it would be another recession coming ahead. During recession, the average salary for population will decrease and unemployment increase. People will try to find out substitute for expensive goods. Thus, Bonia as an inferior goods brand will encounter sales decrease during recession. It is good to change from inferior goods to normal goods so that they can still gaining profit during recession.

The Marketing And Sales Departments :: Business Marketing

Marketing and sales department is responsible for making sure customers know about the business. This may include market research, advertising and sales promotions, the creation and development of a website (although it maintenance maybe undertaken by I.T support staff). The sales departments responsible for selling the items to the customer and keeping sales records. The areas of responsibility are Market Research, Promotional Activities and Sales. Market research aims to find out customers needs and views on new products and services also old products and service, Promotional Activities is because businesses need to promote their products and services otherwise customers would be aware that they exist, the range of available methods including advertising, sales promotion etc, sales, merchants are employed by companies making house hold products to visit supermarkets to persuade them to stock their brands. The advantages of the marketing and sales department is that they will research information find new trends that will sell, also promote products that are attractive as well as best selling. The problems that occur within the marking and sales department are the research being wrong so instead of profit they lose, products could be out of date and rotten also the advertisements for a product will cost money The marketing and sales department helps achieve the aims and objective of EA^T by making profit margins larger and to increase stock if products sell fast and by that happening it could happen it could help them reach their target price. The departments communicate two ways internally and externally, I will give two examples of internal and external communication. Internally they communicate by informing customer’s service department of a new product that they will sell and this would be communicated either by telephone or e-mail, they would communicated it this way because this are the ways that new products are most seen or heard because they are not really avoidable i.

Capital Investment Decisions: the Case of Diamond Plc

Capital Investment Decisions: The case of Diamond PLC CONTENT PAGE PAGES 1. 1 – Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 1. 2 – Literature review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4-6 2. 1 – Advantages and disadvantages of Net Present Value†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6-7 2. 2 – Advantages and disadvantages of Internal Rate of Return†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7-8 2. – General formulas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9-14 3. 1 – Critical Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15-17 4. 1 – Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17-18 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19-20 1. 1 – Introduction This assignment is based on Capital investment deci sions: the case of Diamond Chemicals plc. A critical analysis of this case study will examine the characteristics and concerns in the case study. This research will discuss the use of Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) techniques known as Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), which are the two most popular and important techniques in investment decisions. Although these two techniques are closely-related, they have fundamental differences between each other. â€Å"The IRR is the discount rate that makes the present value of a future stream of cash flows equal to the initial investment(s). Arnold 2008. Whereas, NPV is the â€Å"difference between a project’s value and its cost† Breadley, Myers and Allen, 2006. 1. 2 – Literature Review Three research articles will be reviewed focusing on the performances of NPV and IRR relating to real cases in investment evaluation. â€Å"Do managers of South African manufacturing firms make optimal capital investment decisions? † †“ E. Gilbert, 2003. The purpose of the study was to investigate capital budgeting behaviour of firms in South Africa. It reveals that majority of manufacturing firms use only the NPV technique when evaluating their capital investment projects, and of the DCF techniques used, the NPV technique is used more often than the IRR. Research shows that manufacturing firms adjust the discount rate used in their NPV calculations to incorporate the project specific risk; according to the results of this research, majority of firms do this. It considers that the majority of firms use only the NPV technique when evaluating their capital investment projects (i. e. no other techniques are used at all). However, on average, the IRR technique is used more often than NPV (48% versus 47%). Nevertheless, in summary, the study suggests that manufacturing firms in South Africa deviate from the behaviour prescribed by corporate finance theory because they do not use NPV in isolation with projects specific risk adjusted discount rates when evaluating capital investment projects. The next article titled â€Å"Capital budgeting practices in the US. Forest product industry: A reappraisal† – L. S. Hogaboam and S. R. Shook, 2004. This study observed the capital investment practices of publicly owned forest roduct firms in the U. S. in 2001by replicating research reported by Cubbage and Redmond in 1985. In this research Baile et al (1979) conducted a survey and case study of capital budgeting in the forest products industry and found that most forest products companies had formal budgeting systems, but these companies lacked post audit procedures, did not account for risk and utiliz ed primitive risk adjustment methods. The researchers correlated the use of NPV and IRR to the size of the firm, finding that firms that had smaller gross sales revenue primarily used payback period for their projects. Nine firms ranked NPV either first or second in evaluation criteria importance, whereas IRR was considered most important evaluation criteria in the Idaho survey mutual exclusive projects. Financial literature indicates NPV is best for capital rationing, and 7/15 of firms indicated that IRR was their primary choice in case of rationing. This survey specifies that the IRR technique is most popular for the evaluation of mutually exclusive projects, even though most financial literature considers it to be inaccurate when compared to NPV. The third article â€Å"Capital Budgeting Practices: A Survey in the Firms in Cyprus† investigates: 1. the methods used by the Cyprus companies to evaluate investments, and 2. the approach adopted to handle important estimation problems inherent to the use of these methods. It was found that 54. 43% of projects evaluation is done by means of a simplified evaluation technique and that 36. 71% of the companies use the payback period technique. Among the methods that take into account the time value of money concept, the NPV method is the one most companies prefer, and only 8. 86% of them use IRR. In this study Hatfield, Horvath, and Webster (1998) investigated the importance of payback, average rate of return, IRR, and NPV capital budgeting techniques for the performance and value measures of firms. They found that firms analyzing all projects have higher share prices on average. They also found, in contrast to the theory of finance, that the NPV technique is not maximizing the value of the firm. Their results indicated that it is best not to rely on any single capital budgeting technique but instead to apply all of them or as many of them possible for a project evaluation. 2. – Advantages and Disadvantages of Net Present Value (NPV) NPV is a very popular method of project appraisal; starting with the advantages; According to Pike and Neale (2006), the NPV rule accepts all investments offering positive NPVs when discounted at the equivalent market rate of interest. This results in an increase in the market value of the firm and thus the increase of the shareholder†™s stake in the firm. NPV takes into account the time value of money – It recognises that ? 1 today is greater than ? 1 tomorrow; Breadley, Myers and Allen explain that it is because today can be invested to start earning interest immediately. They also argue that NPV rule allows thousands of shareholders who may have vastly different levels of wealth and attitudes toward risk to participate in the same enterprise and to delegate its operations to a professional manager. â€Å"One of the rules of Capital budgeting demands that managers be able to consider one project independently of all others – this is known as the value-additivity principle, it implies that the value of the firm is equal the sum of the values of each of its projects. † – Copeland, Weston and Shastri (2005). Arnold states that NPV finds out not only which project gives a positive return, but which one gives the greater positive return and that one of the major elements that leads to the theoretical dominance of NPV is that it takes into account the scale of investments. NPV is a superior technique to IRR because it has fewer limitations. Those limitations include the fact that both inflows and outflows are measured in form of present dollars, not as percentage, many people find it complicated to work with a dollar return rather than a percentage return. Another limitation would have to be the requirement of an estimate of the cost of capital to be able to calculate the NPV. William Megginson considered that financial managers find it hard to use NPV because it does not measure benefits relative to the amount invested. Though the NPV formula is constructive in evaluation of investment opportunities, the process is not faultless. 2. 2 – Advantages and Disadvantages of Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Financial managers prefer IRR because it is attributable to the general isposition of business people toward rates of return rather than actual dollars as interest rates, probability and so on are most often expressed as annual rates of return, making it an advantage of this technique. The calculations of IRR is an advantage, meaning the fact that IRR is simply the discount rate that make the NPV equals to Zero is important because it tells us how to calculate the returns on more complicated investments (Ross, Westerfield, Jordan â₠¬â€œ 2006). IRR indicates the rate of return receivable when money is put into a project. Arnold (2008) acknowledges that IRR describes how much the cash inflows exceed the cash outflows on an annualised percentage basis, taking into account of the timing of those cash flows. Like NPV, IRR also has the advantage of being a ‘time-adjusted’ measure of profitability. ‘Financial Theory and Corporate Policy’ by Ross, Westerfield and Jordan recognises that â€Å"the IRR rule errs in several ways. It does not obey the value-additivity principle, and consequently managers who use the IRR cannot consider projects independently of each other. Second, the IRR rule assumes that funds invested in projects have opportunity costs equal to the IRR for the project. This implicit reinvestment rate assumption violates the requirement that cash flow be discounted at the market-determined opportunity cost of capital. Finally, IRR rule can lead to multiple rates of return whenever the sign of cash flow changes more than once. † may give the wrong ranking of mutually exclusive projects that differ in economic life or in scale or required investment. 2. 3 – General Formulas for Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Net Present Value (NPV) formula Where CF0 = cash flow at time zero (t0), and CF1 = cash flow at the time one (t 1), one year after time zero. The decision rules for net present value are: NPV[pic]0 Accept NPV < 0 Reject Formula applied to cash flow suggested by Frank Greystock |Year |Cash flow (? m) |Discounted cash flow (? m) | |0 |-9 |-9 | |1 |1. 4 |? 1. 27 | |2 |2. 66 |? 2. 0 | |3 |3. 09 |? 2. 32 | |4 |3. 06 |? 2. 09 | |5 |3. 02 |? 1. 88 | |6 |2. 49 |? 1. 41 | |7 |2. 47 |? 1. 27 | |8 |2. 45 |? 1. 14 | |9 |2. 43 |? 1. 03 | |10 |2. 1 |? 0. 93 | |11 |1. 68 |? 0. 59 | |12 |1. 68 |? 0. 54 | |13 |1. 68 |? 0. 49 | |14 |1. 68 |? 0. 44 | |15 |1. 68 |? 0. 40 | | | |Total (NPV) ? 9. 00 | Internal Rate of Return (IRR) formula The internal rate of return, r, is the discount rate at which the net present value is zero. It is the value for r which makes the following equation hold: Formula applied to cash flow suggested by Frank Greystock The following tables show the percentages utilized for the trial and error phase, in order to produce an NPV of zero. |Table 1 | | | | | | | |Yearly |Cash Flows (? ) |Discounted Cash Flow (? m) | | |Intervals | | | | | | | | | |0 |-9. 00 |-9. 00000 | | |1 |1. 40 |1. 11111 | | |2 |2. 66 |1. 67549 | | |3 |3. 9 |1. 54471 | | |4 |3. 06 |1. 21406 | | |5 |3. 02 |0. 95094 | | |6 |2. 49 |0. 62227 | | |7 |2. 47 |0. 48990 | | |8 |2. 45 |0. 8566 | | |9 |2. 43 |0. 30358 | | |10 |2. 41 |0. 23895 | | |11 |1. 68 |0. 13220 | | |12 |1. 68 |0. 10492 | | |13 |1. 68 |0. 08327 | | |14 |1. 8 |0. 06609 | | |15 |1. 68 |0. 05245 | | |26% |Net Present Value (? m) |-0. 02441 | | | | | | Table 2 | | | | | | |Yearly |Cash Flows (? m) |Discounted Cash Flow (? ) | | |Intervals | | | | | | | | | |0 |-9. 0 0 |-9. 00000 | | |1 |1. 40 |1. 12000 | | |2 |2. 66 |1. 70240 | | |3 |3. 09 |1. 8208 | | |4 |3. 06 |1. 25338 | | |5 |3. 02 |0. 98959 | | |6 |2. 49 |0. 65274 | | |7 |2. 47 |0. 51800 | | |8 |2. 45 |0. 41104 | | |9 |2. 43 |0. 2615 | | |10 |2. 41 |0. 25877 | | |11 |1. 68 |0. 14431 | | |12 |1. 68 |0. 11545 | | |13 |1. 68 |0. 09236 | | |14 |1. 68 |0. 07389 | | |15 |1. 68 |0. 5911 | | |25% |Net Present Value (? m) |0. 29926 | | | | | | Table 3 | |Yearly |Cash Flows (? m) |Discounted Cash Flow (? m) | | |Intervals | | | | | | | | | |0 |-9. 00 |-9. 0000 | | |1 |1. 40 |1. 07692 | | |2 |2. 66 |1. 57396 | | |3 |3. 09 |1. 40646 | | |4 |3. 06 |1. 07139 | | |5 |3. 02 |0. 81337 | | |6 |2. 49 |0. 1587 | | |7 |2. 47 |0. 39363 | | |8 |2. 45 |0. 30034 | | |9 |2. 43 |0. 22915 | | |10 |2. 41 |0. 17482 | | |11 |1. 68 |0. 09374 | | |12 |1. 68 |0. 7211 | | |13 |1. 68 |0. 05547 | | |14 |1. 68 |0. 04267 | | |15 |1. 68 |0. 03282 | | |30% |Net Present Value (? m) |-1. 14726 | | | | | | | |Yearly |Cash Flows (? ) |Discounted Cash Flow (? m) | | |Intervals | | | | | | | | | |0 |-9. 00 |-9. 00000 | | |1 |1. 40 |1. 09375 | | |2 |2. 66 |1. 62354 | | |3 |3. 9 |1. 47343 | | |4 |3. 06 |1. 13994 | | |5 |3. 02 |0. 87894 | | |6 |2. 49 |0. 56616 | | |7 |2. 47 |0. 43876 | | |8 |2. 45 |0. 34001 | | |9 |2. 43 |0. 6346 | | |10 |2. 41 |0. 20413 | | |11 |1. 68 |0. 11117 | | |12 |1. 68 |0. 08685 | | |13 |1. 68 |0. 06785 | | |14 |1. 68 |0. 05301 | | |15 |1. 68 |0. 4142 | | |28% |Net Present Value (? m) |-0. 61758 | | | | | | Interpolation illustrates that there is a yield rate (r) which lie between 25 per cent and 26 per cent which will produce an NPV of zero. The way to find that discount rate is to first find the distance between points A and B as a proportion of the entire distance between points A and C. 3. 1 – Critical Analysis â€Å"Greystock included in the first year of his forecast preliminary engineering costs of ? 00,000, which had been spent over the preceding nine months on efficiency and design studies of the renovation. † The preliminary costs of ? 500,000 were irrelevant because it would not have been incurred if not for the possibility of Greystock going ahead with the renovation; therefore it was a sunk cost. The development cost of ? 500,000 should be ignore because they are bygones and are of the past as it was incurred nine months before and does not need to be added into the cash flow. â€Å"The corporate manual stipulated that overhead costs be reflected in project analyses at the rate of 3. % times the book value of assets acquired in the project per year†. According to Arnold (2008), not all overhead costs are incremental; when trying to assess the viability of a project only the incremental costs are incurred by going ahead are relevant. Those cost which are unaffected therefore irrelevant. Meaning that the capital projects which should reflect an annual pre-tax charge amounting to 3. 5% of the value of the initial asset investment for the project – it should be entered in the incremental cash flow because it is an irrelevant overhead cost. Rotterdam sales are producing negative results due to the decision made by Greystock to shift capacity to Rotterdam away from Merseyside. His new business decision is having a negative effect on Rotterdam because all the expenditure is coming from Merseyside as he has decided to renovate it, cannibalizing Rotterdam. Even the director of sales recognised there was â€Å"oversupply in the works†, which means that too much is being supplied for the project. In view of adjustment of cash flow must be consistent with inflation forecast imbedded in discount rate. The treasury staff was concerned because the project would impound a long-term inflation of 3% per year. The unrelated EPC project is not relevant as it would only increase prices when recession ended despite the ? 1 million pound renovation ; the criterion is that each individual investment promises an IRR greater than 10%, not that multiple projects promise an average return above this hurdle. Before submitting a project for senior management, at least three performance â€Å"hurdles† had to be met in order for proposal to be considered. -Impact on earnings per share = ? 0. 018 -Payback = 3. years -Discounted cash flow (NPV) = ? 9 Million Although the Merseyside project met all the criteria, Morris should have considered dividing the proposal into requires and desire expenditure ( relating to April Novelties). Concerns and characteristics – Merseyside The main concern for Merseyside is the old production process and how it is not continuous at times, and it has a â₠¬Å"higher labour content than its competitors’ newer plants. However, regardless of these limitations the Merseyside plant has many good characteristics such as: †¢ Receiving positive cash flows immediately Higher cash flows in the beginning †¢ Relatively short payback period Concerns and characteristics – Rotterdam The lack of flexibility and commitment to plant project are concerns for the Rotterdam plant as it is not being renovated and we remain unsure as to whether Greystock will take on the project of renovation at Rotterdam. On the other hand, the fact that the polymerization process has become continuous is major strength, and also that the payment schedule is flexible (over four year period). In addition the Japanese technology has proven to be successful in Japan. . 1 – Conclusion This assignment has summarized the Case study while emphasizing important details of the concerns and characteristics of the Merseyside and Rotterdam plant. Opportu nities such as Land value and Use of right of way can enable Rotterdam to develop positively, despite German technology posing as a threat and also losing right of way. Overall the Merseyside plant offers numerous opportunities to increase outputs and lower costs, while also increasing competitiveness for their competitors. Nevertheless Merseyside faces a very big threat where they would have to close for 45 days causing their customers to buy from their competitors, although the lost market share can still be regained. The investment appraisal process requires the use of sophisticated evaluation techniques such as Net present value (NPV) and Internal rate of return (IRR). These techniques help ensure that all relevant cost and other factors have been considered. The calculations of NPV and IRR are quite challenging, especially regarding the trial and error method IRR. The calculations to obtain –NPV=0- was time consuming and more than twice as long as the NPV method. If risk adjustment is made through the discount rate there may be more than one cost of capital and the sponsor then has to classify the project into say high or medium or low risk categories etc. Finally, it can be argued that the process of capital budgeting is a time-waster because the fundamental information used is seen to be undependable. As the estimates of cash proceeds are just guesses and that the use of anything other than the easiest technique of capital budgeting is as unsuccessful as making use of any complicated formulas. For example, in 1974 K. Larry Hastie published his classic paper, â€Å"One Businessman’s View of Capital Budgeting. † His position is that firms should avoid excessively complex measurement techniques. He states: â€Å"Investment  decision making  could be improved significantly if the emphasis were placed on asking the appropriate strategic questions and providing better assumptions rather than on increasing the sophistication of measurement techniques† (1974, p. 36). This research establishes that NPV and IRR are two major investment decision methods, which gratifies the criteria for the accurate evaluation of capital projects. REFERENCES Hogaboam, L. S. , Shook, S. R. (December 2004) ‘Capital Budgeting practices in the U. S. forest product industry: A reappraisal. ’ Forest products journals. Gilbert E. (May 2003) ‘Do managers of South African manufacturing firms make optimal capital investment decisions? ’ Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town. Lazaridis T. L. October 2004) ‘Capital Budgeting Practices: A Survey in the Firms in Cyprus’ Journal of Small Business Management Richard A, Breadley, Stuart C. Myers, Franklin Allen (2008) ‘Principles of Corporate finance’ 9th edition McGraw-Hill, London Richard Pike, Bill Neale (2005) ‘Corporate finance and investment: decisions of strategies’ 5th edition Financial time prentice hall Thomas E. Copeland, J. Fred Weston, Kulde ep Shastri (2005) ‘Fiancial theory and Corporate policy’ 4th edition Pearson Addison Wesley, London Megginson, William L. (1997) ‘Corporate finance theory’ Addison Wesley Stephen A. Ross, Randolph W. Westerfield, Bradford D. Jordan (2006) ‘Coporate finance: Fundamentals’ McGraw-Hill, London Glen Arnold (2008) ‘Corporate financial management’ 4th edition Financial times prentice hall, England Investopedia (2010) Available at: www. investopedia. com/study-guide/cfa-exam/level-1/corporate-finance/cfa13. asp Fao corporate document repository (1997) ‘Chapter 6: Investment decision – Capital budgeting’ Available at: www. fao. org/docrep/w4343e/w4343e07. htm QFinance (2007) Available at: www. qfinance. com/cash-flow-management-best-practice

Analysis of Two Views of the River by Mark Twain Essay

Wisdom and knowledge takes the poetry from our hearts.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Two Views of the River† is an essay that depicts the passing over of an individual from innocence to wisdom and how things loose their significance when they cease to be something new, and later on, what we thought we wanted will become something trivial and insignificant in our eyes as we discover what it truly is. The way Mark Twain said â€Å"the language of the water† reminds me of things in our lives, perhaps trades that we are trying to become the world’s experts of. Indeed, we try to work on our goals and become as great as we could be. We learn every facet of that object, as the river was to him. Referring to his mentioning of romance, it is comparable to falling in love. When people fall in love, they are in a fantasy world where everything is seen in rose-tinted glasses. Seeing only all the wonders of that world and refusing to see all the bad side. Once the glasses are removed, you can still remember all the memories and reminiscing all the thrills and happiness that those memories made you feel just as he recalled the way he was when he first fell in love with the river. When he learned everything he wanted to know, he discovered that what he has found was something worthy but in the process, he lost a part of himself that he could never ever regain nor recapture again and perhaps it is his ability to dream. What he has found disillusioned him. But then he remembers the way he was and the way he used to view things. All the beauty he once saw has turned jaded. It is perhaps his perspective that changed but even, it makes him sad to realize that. Maybe, he also realized that he has become cynical, if you will view his loss of passion in relation to life, politics even. He was reminiscing the way he had first seen the river, like someone â€Å"bewitched† and in awe of all the beauty that he saw and he said that instead of seeing the beauty of it, he should have seen the harm it could do. But then, he said that he slowly saw the beauty in a different light or maybe, he started to take that beauty for granted. In life, there are many times when we get disillusioned. We follow dreams and fantasies as though they are the best thing on earth, only to realize later on that the dream was never quite the way we envisioned it once it turns into reality. A lot of times, people get so absorbed in the chase of one rainbow after another to realize what they really want, in much the same way that in an individual’s pursuit of knowledge in his field of passion, they eventually loose their enthusiasm. There were cause and contrast in Twain’s essay which could be seen in the way he described the river, which differs from the way he described it as someone you would call naà ¯ve to his next paragraph, which I would interpret as a man who has gained knowledge and was disillusioned by that knowledge. In view of life, it is like the passing over of humans and learning the harsh facts of life. The world is still the great place that we know it is, and life is still a precious jewel that matters more than anything in this world. But in our daily lives, we forget to stand back and see the world’s beauty because we have encountered its dark pits, in much the same way that we find life so hard to appreciate because of the irony and unfairness of it. Mankind was all born idealists and optimists, but eventually, that idealism and optimism is lost as the person goes through the hardships of life. The experiences will teach him a great many things and it will leave him equipped to handle the obstacles that he has encountered in the past and overcome the obstacles of the present. But this will take some of the beauty from his eyes. Viewing the essay in different angles and in relation to aspects of society and humanity, it is indeed easier to remain innocent and left with our dreams and not know of all the dark angles because knowing can only hurt as dreams are indeed better than reality.

moderization essays

moderization essays After 1500 there were many signs that a new age of world history was beginning, for example the discovery of America and the first European enterprises in Africa. This "new age" was dominated by the astonishing success of one civilization among many, that of Europe. There was more and more continuous interconnection between events in all countries, but it is to be explained by European efforts. Europeans eventually became "masters of the globe" and they used their mastery to make the world one. That resulted in a unity of world history that can be detected until today. Politics, empire-building, and military expansion were only a tiny part of what was going on. Besides the economic integration of the globe there was a much more important process going on: The spreading of assumptions and ideas. The result was to be "One World." The age of independent The history of the centuries since 1500 can be described as a series of wars and violent struggles. Obviously men in different countries did not like another much more than their predecessors did. However, they were much more alike than their ancestors were, which was an outcome of what we now call modernization. One could also say that the world was Europeanized, for modernization was a matter of ideas and techniques which have an European origin. It was with the modernization of Europe that the unification of world history began. A great change in Europe was the starting-point of modern history. There was a continuing economic predominance of agriculture. Agricultural progress increasingly took two main forms: Orientation towards the market, and technical innovation. They were interconnected. A large population in the neighborhood meant a market and therefore an incentive. Even in the fifteenth century the inhabitants of so called  ³low countries ² were already ...

An Overview of Third-Wave Feminism

An Overview of Third-Wave Feminism What historians refer to as first-wave feminism arguably began in the late 18th century with the publication of Mary Wollstonecrafts Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), and ended with the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protected a womans right to vote. First-wave feminism was concerned primarily with establishing, as a point of policy, that women are human beings and should not be treated like property. The Second Wave The second wave of feminism emerged in the wake of World War II, during which many women entered the workforce, and would have arguably ended with the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), had it been ratified. The central focus of the second wave was on total gender equality -   women as a group having the same social, political, legal, and economic rights that men have. Rebecca Walker and the Origins of Third-Wave Feminism Rebecca Walker, a 23-year-old, bisexual African-American woman born in Jackson, Mississippi, coined the term third-wave feminism in a 1992 essay. Walker is in many ways a living symbol of the way that second-wave feminism has historically failed to incorporate the voices of many young women, non-heterosexual women, and women of color. Women of Color Both first-wave and second-wave feminism represented movements that existed alongside, and at times in tension with, civil rights movements for people of color - a slight majority of whom happen to be women. But the struggle always seemed to be for the rights of white women, as represented by the womens liberation movement, and black men, as represented by the civil rights movement. Both movements, at times, could have been legitimately accused of relegating women of color to asterisk status. Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Transgender Women For many second-wave feminists, non-heterosexual women were seen as an embarrassment to the movement. The great feminist activist Betty Friedan, for example, coined the term lavender menace in 1969 to refer to what she considered the harmful perception that feminists are lesbians. She later apologized for the remark, but it accurately reflected the insecurities of a movement that was still very heteronormative in many ways. Low-Income Women First- and second-wave feminism also tended to emphasize the rights and opportunities of middle-class women over poor and working-class women. The debate over abortion rights, for example, centers on laws that affect a womans right to choose an abortion - but economic circumstances, which generally play a more significant role in such decisions today, are not necessarily taken into account. If a woman has the legal right to terminate her pregnancy, but chooses to exercise that right because she cant afford to carry a pregnancy to term, is this really a scenario that protects reproductive rights? Women in the Developing World First- and second-wave feminism, as movements, were largely confined to industrialized nations. But third-wave feminism takes a global perspective - not by merely attempting to colonize developing nations with Western practices, but by empowering women to actualize change, to gain power and equality, within their own cultures and their own communities and with their own voices. A Generational Movement Some second-wave feminist activists have questioned the need for a third wave. Others, both inside and outside of the movement, disagree with respect to what the third wave represents. Even the general definition  provided above may not accurately describe the objectives of all third-wave feminists.But its important to realize that third-wave feminism is a generational term - it refers to how the feminist struggle manifests itself in the world today. Just as second-wave feminism represented the diverse and sometimes competing for interests of feminists who struggled together under the banner of womens liberation, third-wave feminism represents a generation that has begun with the achievements of the second wave. We can only hope that the third wave will be so successful as to necessitate the fourth wave - and we can only imagine what that fourth wave might look like.

Solution Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Solution Outline - Assignment Example Unfortunately, Emergency mangers have always grappled with communication challenges occasioned by jammed telecommunication lines or/and destroyed infrastructure. On the occurrence of Hurricane Katrina, for instance, many wireless base stations were grounded and a number of communication cables were damaged (Coombs & Holladay, 2012). This resulted in a slower response, difficulty coordination, and, therefore, more damage to infrastructure and loss of life. Secondary data has been the main source of information relating to the communication challenge facing emergency management. Some of these data sources include interviews with disaster managers, and which have been recorded in print media, peer reviewed articles, newspapers, and reports submitted to relevant government bodies. The two major sources are the â€Å"The handbook of crisis communication† by Coombs & Holladay (2012) and information from GAO website (Major Management Challenges and Program Risks) retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-113 For instance, following hurricane Katrina and its devastating impacts, it became apparent that the loss was not only huge, but also extreme due to the challenges faced by emergency agencies. As expected, the government needed a report from FEMA to explain the state of emergency management as well as present their findings regarding the heavy loss that was experienced following hurricane Katrina. In the report, it was apparent that the multi-agency operation lacked proper coordination because of the communication challenge occasioned by destruction of telecommunication network. Further on, the decision by government to cut down on its budgetary allocation to emergency management and the concomitant impacts have widely been tackled in peer reviewed articles, print media, as well as online news website. Stakeholders in emergency management include local, state, and federal

A Modest Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

A Modest Proposal - Essay Example 10), and the remainder may be sold on the market as food for wealthy landlords. He analyzes the disposal of poor children as a â€Å"saleable commodity† (Swift, par. 7), and discusses various ways to convert the flesh of children into delectable dishes. According to Swift, his proposal would ensure a reduction in the Irish Catholic population, serve as a source of income for the poor peasant, boost the economy of the country, lighten the financial burden of the parents, â€Å"bring great custom to taverns† (Swift, par. 25), encourage marriage and the good care of children, and boost the export of flesh. He declares that there is a good market for this ‘commodity’. Swift now lists the measures which would improve the conditions of the Irish peasants: the taxation of absentee landlords, the use of locally manufactured goods, the rejection of imported luxuries, the practice of thrift, the fostering of nationalism, unity and virtue, compassion towards the poor tenants, and â€Å"a spirit of honesty, industry, and skill† (Swift, par. 29) in merchants. He concludes his essay on a cynical note, saying that these measures will not be implemented in Ireland and, therefore, his proposal is the only practical alternative. Swift signs off with the affirmation the he is a totally disinterested participant in this debate, as he has no young children whom he could sell

PYS60 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PYS60 - Essay Example Python is based on C and will heavily rely on the C libraries that can be imported, though it has a perfect fit with UNIX, POSIX and Linux languages. The program was developed in 1991 by Rossums van Guido based on lessons that he had leant in the course of operating system support and language processes (Scheibe and Tuulos, 2). The main advantage of the language is that it is an open system that offers access to Operating System (OS) services making it possible to create and develop high level solutions based on other already built programs. As such, the program allows a perfect integration with existing applications or programs and perfect processing all together. Some of the features that make the program the choice for many include its security, dynamism, portability, ease of interpretation, multithread, robustness among others. This explains the high performance of mobile phones that use Python, such as the Nokia N97 in image stabilization and improved processor performance to ha ndle AR applications with at a high degree  of  fineness. Python uses in mobile devices Today, as development of the digital gadgets increases, mobile phone penetration has increased tremendously in the last one decade. Currently, there is over 50% penetration around the globe, a figure estimated to hit 70% mark by 2010 (Kerr, Thinyane & Foster, 80). As a result, the power of mobile phone hardware has improved in power and usability, which calls for the robust interfaces to complement mobile phone hardware. The mobile phone usability and speeds depend on its processor with faster processors allowing high speed image processing, which is closely related to a variety of other services. These services  include  the ability to detect motions, high speed processing during mobile games and improvement of  processor speeds when handling  demanding applications. Consequently, most phones built on Symbian OS series 60 have the ability to clock a speed of 434MHz, a good example be ing Nokia N97 and some PC’s that can clock a 1GHz speed (Kerr, Thinyane & Foster, 80). The major advantage of Python use in mobile phone platforms is its ability to ensure powerful Augmented Reality (AR) applications. Development of applications is usually a complex task. However, the use of Python as the main language has proved to make the process much easier. Smartphones are today powerful enough to run AR applications and have the ability to undertake threaded processing and have the needed hardware resources, which include connectivity capability and inbuilt cameras. As a result, Python is the best programming language to addresses the development issues that are usually complex in mobile programming when integrated with the mobile software platform (Kerr, Thinyane & Foster, 80). In other words, in mobile phones, Python readily supports object-oriented programming, multiple inheritances, name spaces among other flexible language properties and offers a high level integra ted language despite its simple structure (Soares, 3). Python use in mobile platforms has improved due to the ability to speed up and make simple Virtual Reality (VR) and AR processes in all desktop applications. For instance in the recent development, Nokia Company imported Python to their Symbian OS for the S60 platform (PyS60), an approach that made it possible to extend by C++ and offer the right of access to the S60 native features. The main advantage of the

The global economy where aviation industry was severely hit

The global economy where aviation industry was severely hit The year 2007 saw a downturn in the global economy where aviation industry was severely hit by fall in air traffic. While airlines were struggling with declining profits, the complicacy of the operations in the aviation continued to bother airlines throughout the world with Cathay pacific being no exception. The crisis challenged the efficient business model of Cathay pacific which was ranked as the best airline of year in 2006. Robert Taylor was dealing with inventory operations and following are the issues that have to be taken into account: Inventory holding cost: Minimizing the holding cost was one of the most critical issues faced by the Cathay Pacific. Because of the convoluted nature of spare parts, it was not feasible to meet the demands of all the aircrafts. Given the fact that Cathay pacific has over 120 wide body jets  [1]  comprising of airbus and Boeing planes, it was very difficult to fulfill the requirements of all the aircraft at the right time. As a result the airlines could lose its significant business and in order to avoid those situations, Robert can work on the timely routine checks of the aircrafts. This will enable the firm to come up with a more detailed data on requirement of the spare parts (repairable, rotable etc.) Buffer stock Just in time: Initially the airlines incorporated the buffer stock management to meet the demand in the optimal time. But they still encountered several situations where a certain part was not available. It accounted for additional cost for Cathay pacific to set the buffer stock and also the spare parts in the distribution center was occupying a lot of space. Later the firm also tried to implement the Japanese model called just in time which works well in sectors like retail and manufacturing. But the airline industry is all together a different scenario where an airline canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t afford to wait for the spare part during the last minute check when the flight is scheduled to depart. This will eventually cause the further delay of flight and degrade the passengers experience of flying with an airline. Reduce lead time: The rationalization of supply chain in the airline industry allowed the OEMs to monopolize the entire market. Irrespective of the demands, it is very difficult for the airlines to reduce their supplier lead time. Any reduction in lead time like suppliers or the transportation can help an airline to fix the problem in the stipulated time frame. Decreasing lead time of different supply chain components can increase supply reliability and help the firm to work in an efficient manner. On the other hand there are certain issues that have to be taken into account for the procurement (Paul Barwell): Switching costs: The spare parts can be classified in two criteria i.e. critical and non-critical parts. The complicity of the critical parts restricted Cathay pacific to switch suppliers because of the costs associated with switching. Also relying on the new supplier for the complicated parts was very difficult for Cathay pacific. On the other hand it had over 200 suppliers for the non-critical parts which required much of resources (time and money) to maintain the relationship. Forecasting: Although Cathay pacific collaborated with other airlines to enhance exchange of information with respect to suppliers list and parts availability, it wasnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t able to reduce its obsolete inventory by 100%. With the implementation of one platform that will help the airline to develop a supply management cycle to optimize supplier selection and collaboration improvement, the forecasting can be much accurate to meet the demands in time. At the same time, the platform should be able to generate real time data with its collaborators and suppliers through online communication. What is Cathay Pacific purchasing power in aviation spare parts procurement? What are the possible alternatives for improvements in the procurement process? Ans: Being ranked as the best airline in 2006, Cathay pacific was able to gain certain purchasing power in aviation spare parts procurement which is: Strategic sourcing: Cross functional teams at Cathay pacific helped in gaining leverage on purchasing by applying a systematic process of reducing the cost of spare parts purchased from different vendors. This process is evident from exhibit 5 where it simplified the complicated process of sourcing and procurement. This process gave an edge to Cathay pacific in monitoring, evaluating and managing relationships with suppliers to ensure operational effectiveness. With its implementation, the airline was able to leverage purchasing power across different divisions and negotiate favorable prices with the suppliers. Strategic sourcing also focused to consolidate the suppliers database and chose the preferred ones. Aeroxchange system: Development of a collaborated supply chain system to expand the sharing and exchange of information (Spare parts availability and suppliers list) with different airlines gave an advantage to Cathay Pacific to select a supplier from the huge database. After its launch in 2000, technological advancement in Aeroxhange made this system capable of doing numerous tasks which helped the airlines to be more effective in their procurement. E.g.: In 2001, Aeroxchange launched its e-procurement platform to integrate the partners for quote management and also it incorporated the service order management in 2005  [2]  . Although Cathay pacific invested a lot of time and money to improve their procurement, there are still many rooms for the advancement in their processes. The history of Cathay pacific (obtained from case study) says that they have always tried to lock the deals with the airlines and individual suppliers to enhance their procurement process. On the other hand, one point that should have been taken into account was establishing strategic alliances with the manufacturers (Boeing and Airbus) for the procurement activities. An alliance where manufacturers should focus on the materials management and help Cathay pacific to focus on core business activities. The integrated alliance with Boeing and airbus services will help to achieve greater transparency and efficiency in the resource operations. These services are acquired by most of the big players in the market like Delta airlines and Singapore airlines where they succeeded in generating good revenues by focusing on their core activities   [3]  . The other alternative for improvement is to reward the suppliers to suggest the cost saving ideas. This will help the airline to develop a sense of competition among suppliers for developing a sustainable and cost effective model for procurement which will eventually result in increasing the productivity of the fleet. What are the advantages disadvantages for Cathay Pacific to use third party logistics (3PL) partners for their repair management and logistics management? What are the criteria for Cathay Pacific to choose her 3PL partners for repair management logistics management? Ans: Advantages: Economy of scale and economy of scope: The major outcome for firms to switch to 3PL is the value they will generate from economy of scale which means Cathay pacific will have the advantage of large truck fleets and warehouses. At the same time, it can enjoy the benefit of economy of scope by reducing costs and boosting the net value of airline. The benefits of these economies are attained depending on the type of 3PL partner (e.g. IT based or component based). Secondly these benefits can help the logistics to work effectively and efficiently which will also enhance the repair management by providing access to right spare part at the right time. Capital investment: Outsourcing logistics and repair activities can help Cathay pacific to save cost and hence reduce financial risks. Assets required in establishing distribution centers and networks normally need a huge sum of money that encompasses financial risks and hence by outsourcing, these risks can be spread to 3PL partners. Once the hedging of risk in complicated processes is done, airlines can focus more on their core activities. Cost effectiveness: To perform the activities of repair and logistics managers, Cathay pacific pays millions of dollars to labors. However outsourcing these activities will result in saving the capital which can be spent on further expansion of the airline. Disadvantages: Loss of control: Outsourcing 3PL partners will lead to loss of hold and control over their logistics and repair activities. The transparency in these networks would diminish to great extent and may lead to underperformance. Discontinuity of services: There could be some sort of reasons on the 3PL partner side which could lead in discontinuity in their services. At the end of the day, the contract and law forces the 3PL to pay the compensation of loss but that wouldnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t help an airline to continue the service efficiently during the specific time. Difference of opinion: The opinion differences between client and 3PL partners can hinder the service of an airline whose fortune is derived from the time where every minute delay incurs a cost. On the other hand, it will certainly be a roadblock for the further expansion of the airline. Criteria for choosing 3PL partner: Formation of a team: While choosing a 3PL for logistic and repair management, cross functional team should be made from different divisions of an airline such as inventory management, control, quality testing etc. Forming a cross functional team will help Cathay pacific to choose the 3PL provider that meets their requirements. Objective setting: The objective setting will depend on the requirement of an airline such as cost cutting and focusing on core competencies. Once the firm has set its objectives, it is easy to select a 3PL provider that will best suit the needs Service availability: Based on the needs and objectives of an airline, the next and most important step is to shortlist the 3PL providers who provide those services. Given the fact that logistic and repair management are the core activities that defines the performance of an airlines carrier, the cross functional team should consider all minor and major aspects to close the deal.

What Is The Bible? Essay -- Religion Bible

The Bible is the most significant book in the history of civilization. In the context of Jewish history, the Bible’s impact on politics, history, and religion is without comparison. Along with establishing the covenant-based legitimacy of the Jewish people and their history, the Bible’s political impact is exemplified through prophetic politics, the power of kings, and the effects of political authority. Biblical archeology has discovered biblical structures which supports the historical validity of the Bible. The Bible’s effect on history, politics, and religion has shaped the world we live in today. In order to comprehend the level of significance the Bible represents, one must systematically break down the structure of the Bible. Religious writings of both Judaism and Christianity compose the Bible and are dependant on the religious traditions of a specific denomination. In the context of Judaism, Tanakh is the Hebrew name of the Bible composed by the three parts of the Hebrew Bible: the Torah, Nevi’im, and Ketuvim. The Torah includes the â€Å"Five Books† of Moses which establishes God’s covenant with the Jews. The Nevi’im discusses the division of the two kingdoms, Israel and Judah, and acknowledges different prophets. The Ketuvim is composed of poetry, writings, and the stories of Jewish prophets. The books written after the Hebrew Bible, referred to as The New Testament by Christians, contain the accounts of Jesus and his disciples. The New Testament plays a central role in Christianity just as the Hebrew Bible, or commonly referred to as the Old Testament, provides the foundation for Judaism. The first book of the Bible, Genesis, sets the framework in which Judaism is rooted. Genesis is vital to the religio... ...ness of the Jewish People in accordance to their covenant with God. The Bible also legitimizes the Holy Land belonging to the Children of Israel while establishing Judaism as a Mosaic religion. The Bible provides the basis for Halakha, a corner stone in Judaism. Along with the Old Testament, the Bible plays a prominent role in the development of Christianity. The Gospels of the New Testament assert Christian ideologies and values which clearly be seen influencing the Western world today. Not only did the Bible affirm Judaism and Christianity, it gave a glimpse into the earliest form of politics in the ancient world. Archeology has advantageously legitimized the historical accuracy of the Bible by producing evidence that coincides with the Bible’s narratives. The Bible will continue to play an important role in society as it will continue to shape civilization.

Bullying Essay Essay

Bullying is when someone causes verbal, social, cyber, or physical harm to another; this is an often repeated and habitual behavior. A victim of bullying often socially lower than the bully and is less powerful. Reasons for such behaviour can include differences in race, class, sex, age and ability. Bullying can cause lots of emotional pain to the victim and change the way they feel, think, or act. Victims of bullying are between 2 to 9 times more likely to consider suicide than non-victims according to studies by Yale University. In this paper, I will discuss the effects of bullying, the bully’s point of view and how we can join together to eliminate bullying once and for all. Most people who get bullied are too scared to fight back. They give the bully the reaction he or she wants and the bully is encouraged to continue what he/she is doing. We need to stand up to bullies although this may seem terrifying. We need to build up the courage. Students need to be educated on bullying. Studies show that more than half the people in Canada don’t stand up to bullying and 80% have been bystanders at one point or another. The only way to stop bullying is to work together even if you are not a victim because you may be next. Many people bully other either knowingly or unknowingly. Putting other people down helps bullies feel better about themselves. This is because they have probably been victims of bullying themselves. Lowering others’ self esteem boosts theirs and makes them feel less miserable. This is not a very good method to boost your self-esteem and bullies don’t feel better for long. At least one in three adolescents in Canada have reported being bullied recently. Bullying has adverse effects on victims in terms of health and self esteem. Victims may not want to go to school and, if they do, may not be able to focus as a result of depression. Bullying is very harmful to the mind and if it becomes a long-term thing it may even lead to suicidal thoughts. If youngsters aren’t taught about bullying, they may not know how to fight back and fall into deep depression. Even worse, they could become  bullies. In this essay, I have analyzed the harmful effects bullying can have, why bullying happens and how it can be avoided. It is a big deal to make others feel small.