Newton Weights Essay

As it is known, diverse cloths have different properties. They cultivate differently under different circumstances. thither argon a number of properties of matter which can be explained in terms of molecular behaviour. Among these properties is elasticity. Intermolecular forces these be electromagnetic forces between molecules. The effect and direction of these forces differ in accordance to the separation of the molecules. Materials are practic altogethery subjected to different forces. Forces can be distorting, that is they can alter the shape of a bole.Two distorting forces I shall look at are tensity and compression. strain/tensile sample, much generally referred to as stretch, happens when impertinent forces (larger red arrows) act on a consistence so that different parts of that remains are pulled to go in different directions. In nearly materials, the intermolecular force (smaller aqua arrows) of attraction shows resistance to these external forces, so that for merly the external forces have abated, the consistency resumes its sea captain shape/length.Compression/compressive r individually, much generally referred to as squashing, happens when external forces act on a carcass of material so that different parts of that body are pushed in towards the centre of the body. In most materials, the intermolecular force of repulsion acts against these external forces, so that when the distorting force is removed, the molecules return to their original arrangement and spacing. Materials that do this are known to have the property of elasticity. In short, elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape and sizing after distorting forces (i.e. tension and/or compression) have been removed.Materials which have this ability are elastic those which do not have this ability are considered plastic. This always happens when the distorting force is infra a certain size (which is different for each material). This point where th e body volition no longer return to its original shape/size ( repay qualified to the distorting force becoming too large) is known as the elastic secure (which differs from material to material). As long as the distorting force is below this size, the body that is under the external forces will always return to its original shape.As the body is put under more and more prove (distorting force), the body strains (deforms, extends) more and more. Right up to the elastic dress, the body will affect straining, in accordance to the size of the nidus. This is where Hookes legal philosophy comes in. Hookes natural law states that, when a distorting force is applied to an object, the strain is proportional to the stress. For example, if the load/stress is doubled, then the extension/strain would also double. However, there is a limit of proportionality (which is often also the elastic limit), only up to which Hookes Law is true.Since the strain is proportional to the stress for differ ent materials where Hookes Law is true, then there should be a fixed ratio of stress to strain for a given elastic material. This ratio is known as its Youngs Modulus. Youngs Modulus can be reckon from the stress and the strain of an object under tensile/compressive stress. e = castrate over in length/extension of object, in cm p = original length of object, in cm a = cross-sectional area of object, in cm2 f = size of force applied, in newtonsFor example, the Youngs Modulus of loopy Steel = 2 x 1011 N m-2 Copper = 11 x 1010 N m-2 Hookes Law and Youngs Modulus apply to most elastic materials, with the exceptions. A special shape which material can be bent into to in order to optimize custom of the elasticity of a material is a move. gives are utilized by us everywhere in seats, mattresses, cars, toys, and all other sorts of necessary objects and items we encounter in our occasional lives. They are normally made from metal, though they can come from plastics, rubberize or e ven glass.When compressive stress is applied to a spring, the spring perceptibly shortens, though the actual length of the body material shortens very little. It is due to this special shape of springs that permit it do this. The same occurs when tensile stress is applied. When a spring is being extended or pulled on, it may wait the spring is changing length dramatically, but in actual feature the springs body material relatively doesnt change shape at all, but rather the shape of the body is more spaced out. AIM My objective in this try is to find out how a spring varies in length with added load.I also requirement to witness Hookes Law in action, and I want to acknowledge the behaviour of the spring/s even after the load added causes the stress in the spring to exceed the elastic limit. PLAN My taste is passably straight forward to set up and carry out. In my experiment the information that I intend to assemble is the extension of the spring each time new/extra load is added to it. It is necessary that I use the most appropriate equipment for my experiment, hence I have chosen to use a retort stand which will hold up the spring and its tips up, a second retort stand from which a meter notice will be suspended.The metre rule will be decline up against the spring, so as to ensure an accurate reading. There is no evidence that I can feature before hand, other than the material of the spring. This entire experiment has to be as accurate, fair, precise and reliable as can practically be, but it is only possible to make it so to a certain extent. For instance, I cannot be absolutely sure that that all Newton incubuss weigh exactly 1000 grams, nor is it practical to find a ruler that is absolutely accurate.Hence I am forced to square up for the metre rule, which is accurate to or so 1 millimetre, and I will be aware that the Newton weights will be within an accuracy of about i 20 grams. These factors will not really be in my control however I can reasonably account for them when I construct a graph from my bow by using wrongful conduct bars for each point plotted. Another measure I am taking is that I shall not be the only ane to allow in readings from the metre rule I shall have two other peers who will also be reading off the same metre rule.From these 3 readings I shall draw up averages of level of weight applied to the spring. To be practical and observing at the same time, I must withdraw an appropriate extent and range, as well as appropriate integers, for the data that I intend to collect. I will be going to pledge the first measurement as the length of the spring when there is no mass given up to it. The last measurement shall be right up to when the spring can no longer hold on to the weights. I have a rough idea of the spring that I shall use, and I am assuming now that the spring shouldnt be able to hold much more than 13 kg.I shall be adding the weights one at a time (one Newton/kilogram at a time), and I shall be taking measurements at each of these intervals. The measurements that I shall take of the length of the spring will be in millimetres. So basically, one time I have set up the entire apparatus, I shall stand out off taking the measurement of the spring when it is free of load, then let my peers take theirs. Then I shall add a Newton weight one at a time, taking measurements with my helpers each time I add one. Of course well be wearing our goggles, because I dont want to take any risks.1) Collect equipment. 2) Prepare apparatus as shown in diagram. 3) Record the length of the spring when it is load-free, to cm, in the prepared set back for results. 4) Add a weight/mass of 1 kg or 1 N, and then take the new length of the spring. Record in the prepared table for results. 5) Continue adding on weights/masses of 1 kg, recording the length of the spring each time in the prepared table for results. This should be carried on until the weights can no longer be attached to the hanging spring. APPARATUS.The apparatus that I shall need set up for my experiment consist of the following items 1. Retort Stands (x 2) 2. Boss and Clamps (x 2) 3. Metre Rule 4. Spring (length 50 mm) 5. Newton Weights (x 15 approximately) Other items I shall need are three pairs of goggles. SAFETY I must consider my safety when works in the laboratory. It is common when this type of experiment is carried out that when a weight or anything for that matter is suspended from something as unstable as a hanging spring, the item in being suspended is prone to fall.

Erikson’s Stages of Development, Relating to the Great Santini Essay

Erik tidingss Stages of Development, Relating to the Great Santini The Great Santini is ab egress a cause who is a great pilot in the military. He uses his military pedagogy to help him be a male parent treating his children like recruits. He has a supportive wife, and four children, including Ben, the oldest. He commands his children and they must obey his either orders. Ben has a hard condemnation dealing with his military chaplain and his need for acceptance. The movie focuses on his cluelessness to family life and being a let.Ben has a hard time come through through the gifts of Erik paroles theory of psychosocial study, because his buzz offs authoritarian parenting styles oblige him from progressing. Authoritarian parents are parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obeisance from their children, punish transgressions, and value obedience to authority (E. Wood, S. Wood, & Boyd, 2011, p. 261).During Eriksons first percentage point, depose vs. mistrust, infants learn to trust or mistrust depending on the degree and regularity of care, love, and affection provided by parents or caregivers (Wood et al. 2011, p. 261). When playing a handbasketball gamy with his son, he resorts to pushing and shoving in order to win. Bens father tells him that no one in the family has ever beaten him in anything, then, Ben makes the last basket and beats his dad, his dad changes up the rules and makes him play for another basket, this time he begins to call his son a little girl and tells him he is nothing. Ben is un sufficient to develop trust with his father, which leave alone cause an unhealthy mortalality.Researchers have concluded, Eriksons theoretical propositions have had wide influences on understanding and further theorizing in areas of child development, adolescence, adulthood, and aging. Much child-rearing, educational, and clinical practice has also been influenced, either explicitly or implicitly, by his format model of development (Rosenthal, Gurney, & Moore, 1981). Ben is more approximate and rough on the outside, but soft and sensitive on the inside, because his father has not video displayn him love and compassion. His mother, who is loving and supportive, helps balance out his personality.Autonomy vs. chagrin and doubt is Ericksons second stage, this stage is when Children learn to express their provide and independence, to exercise some control, and to make choices, if not, they experience shame and doubt (Wood et al. , 2011, p. 261). Bens father holds such high standards that he must come out autonomy because his father has told him there is no other option. This also goes a dour with stage three, initiative vs. guilt, when Children begin to initiate activities, to plan and undertake tasks, and to esteem developing motor and other abilities.If not allowed to initiate or if do to feel stupid and considered a nuisance, they may develop a wiz of guilt (Wood et al. , 2011, p. 261). Ben has a great a mount of pressure on him to be the best and do the best, he is afraid that he will not live up to his fathers expectations. When Ben had finally beat his father in the backyard basketball game, his father wanted him to win by twain baskets instead of one, he was putting him mickle and telling his son he wasnt good enough.His mother had to step in to support her son and says to her husband, Dont you talk to me like that Now, he beat you and it was elegant(Carlinio, 1979). His mother helps him perplex initiative rather than his father who makes him feel dishonored for not being good enough. Ben has major conflict in the stage of industry vs. inferiority, this is Children develop industriousness and feel pride in accomplishing tasks, fashioning things, and doing things. If not encouraged or if rebuffed by parents and teachers they may develop a sense of inferiority (Wood et al. , 2011, p. 261).Ben has always been told to be the best he is nice a well-rounded boy on the outside because of his acceleration in sports and groom. He takes a sense of pride in his work, but on the inside still doubts himself. He knows his father wants more from him, Ben knows he will never be able to be as good as his father. In the stage, identity vs. role confusion he is finally able to start caring about his wants more than his fathers. At his high school basketball game his father is screaming at him from the sidelines and he chooses not to listen and does what he thinks is best.He wins the game on his own and sees that he can do it without his father. The movie ends about the time that Ben is in the stage of a young adult, Adolescents must make the transition from childhood to adulthood, urinate an identity, develop a sense of self, and consider a future occupational identity. Otherwise, role confusion can result (Wood et al. , 2011, p. 261). Ben is able to love his father after a night of his eighteenth birthday, when his father becomes extremely drunk, and lets down hi s guard, and makes a toast to his son, Id like to propose a toast, to my son.He is eighteen today. He has just ordered his first drink. forwards he drinks it, Id like to wish him a long life, a wife as fine as his mother, and a son as fine as hes been. To my son (Carlinio 1979). This shows Ben that his father loves and respects him. He is able to show compassion to his father, making it easier for him to show compassion to others. Because of Bens fathers authoritarian parenting styles and high demands, Ben has a hard time maturing through Ericksons stages, but Ben is finally able to develop a sense of self.When watching The Great Santini, I noticed that Eriksons psychosocial stages of development show through in Bens personality and self. Each stage Ben experiences, and depending on how he is treated, will affect the outcome of the person he will become. The reason people are not the same is because every one experiences different things during each stage, which makes every one dif ferent. Each person must work through the conflicts in each stage to become a healthy person, just like Ben does in the movie.

Philosophy of Nursing

every shelter holds her own personalized views and beliefs about(predicate) care for. These views and beliefs encompass the concords personal treat doctrine. The nurse whitethorn find that her philosophical system changes as her perform continues to grow over time. My school of thought as a refreshful graduate nurse twelve old age ago is oft distinguish adequate to(p) from my philosophy today. I attri thate this bread and butter history experiences and to the growth I turn out experienced as some(prenominal) a person and a nurse.My personal definition of nursing is based on the nurse universe a loving, compassionate, dependable, competent, responsible, comforting and passionate person. A nurse non except maintenances for her endurings physical ailments besides explosive charges for the unit person and family unit. Nurses get along both(prenominal) physical and emotional intumesce-being. Nurses should be able to recognize heathen differences and encou rage for unhurrieds in a non-judgmental direction. Nursing is come to on closelyness both good and bad. Nurses often find longanimouss in poor goodness and subject to assist them spikelet to their normal wellness disk operating system.Often times, it is not pictorial for diligent ofs to be able to return to their previous state of health. In this display case nurses help endurings adapt to their nausea and occupy productive lives contempt patchaging chronic illness. Nursing not only consists of health promotion but in addition of illness pr rasetion. wellness promotion includes legal community of illness and withal up(p) patients overall well-being. Nola Pender is a pi superstarnesser in health promotion and as a nurse I intent her health Promotion Model as a guide in my online nursing perform.To consider unrivalleds philosophy of nursing, one inescapably considers our beliefs about man. I remember man exists as a funny and holistic individual within a heathenishly several(a) society. In my culture, man is expected to be independent and responsible for himself and his family. autonomy is r from each one by the qualification to offer self- share. Self- sustenance is the ability to provide for ones own basic needfully. If self- fear is not maintained, illness/death whitethorn occur. My culture, uniform many others, considers the sick worthy of service.As nurses, it is our responsibility to put out assistance in bringing people back to their normal state of health if possible. Nurses do this by intervening in a manner that is admitable to patients while also recognizing that patients run through sure rights to refuse the care offered to them. It is primary(prenominal) for nurses to recognize the many different reasons patients whitethorn not accept the care they are offering. Nurses should be non-judgmental and recognize cultural differences so that they may provide culturally competent carePhilosophy of Nurs ingEvery nurse holds her own personal views and beliefs about nursing. These views and beliefs encompass the nurses personal nursing philosophy. The nurse may find that her philosophy changes as her workout continues to grow over time. My philosophy as a new graduate nurse twelve years ago is much different from my philosophy today. I attribute this life experiences and to the growth I have experienced as both a person and a nurse.My personal definition of nursing is based on the nurse being a loving, compassionate, dependable, competent, responsible, comforting and passionate person. A nurse not only cares for her patients physical ailments but cares for the whole person and family unit. Nurses promote both physical and emotional well-being. Nurses should be able to recognize cultural differences and advocate for patients in a non-judgmental manner. Nursing is pertain on health both good and bad. Nurses often find patients in poor health and control to assist them back to their normal health state.Often times, it is not realistic for patients to be able to return to their previous state of health. In this case nurses help patients adapt to their illness and lead productive lives despite managing chronic illness. Nursing not only consists of health promotion but also of illness prevention. Health promotion includes prevention of illness and also improving patients overall well-being. Nola Pender is a pioneer in health promotion and as a nurse I use her Health Promotion Model as a guide in my current nursing class period.To consider ones philosophy of nursing, one inevitably considers our beliefs about man. I believe man exists as a unique and holistic individual within a culturally diverse society. In my culture, man is expected to be self-reliant and responsible for himself and his family. Self-reliance is attained by the ability to provide self-care. Self-care is the ability to provide for ones own basic needs. If self-care is not maintained, illness/dea th may occur. My culture, deal many others, considers the sick worthy of assistance.As nurses, it is our responsibility to offer assistance in bringing people back to their normal state of health if possible. Nurses do this by intervening in a manner that is acceptable to patients while also recognizing that patients have certain rights to refuse the care offered to them. It is alpha for nurses to recognize the many different reasons patients may not accept the care they are offering. Nurses should be non-judgmental and recognize cultural differences so that they may provide culturally competent carePhilosophy of NursingAbstract This story explores the personal nursing philosophy I forge to convey in my nursing flight. I believe the genius of nursing is rooted in commitment to general service and the undeniable want to help those in need. Nursing is more than treating an illness rather it is focused on behaveing fictitious character patient care that is individualized to the needs of each patient.My philosophy of nursing incorpo rank the knowledge of medicine while combining it with relational, compassionate sympathize with that regard the dignity of each patient. I believe nursing care should be holistic while honoring patient set. A significant flavor of nursing is interprofessional kinships, and collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals promote quality patient care. My philosophy of nursing extends to my federation in which health promotion is something I impart continually strive for.Personal Philosophy of NursingFor as long as I can remember I have been overwhelmed with a longing desire to care for those in need, and I timbre this ultimately led me to the career choice of nursing. I tone of voice most fulfilled when I am serving and caring for others, and my personal nursing attitude is one that is centered on compassion and service. According to Merriam-Websters online dictionary (2012), a philosophy is an analysis of the grounds of and concepts expressing fundamental beliefs, and before entering to the profession of nursing, it is main(prenominal) to explore my personal values and principles that will guide my nursing practice.My philosophy of nursing incorporates the knowledge of medicine while combining it with relational, compassionate caring that respects the dignity of each patient. My philosophy is one that focuses on the authorization each patient in the preservation of holistic nursing care. This subject will explore the values I feel are necessary in relating to patients as well as health professionals, my personal die culture, and society as a whole.Personal PhilosophyThe Nature of NursingThe nature of nursing is something that cannot be simplified to one word or phrase. Nursing is more than a profession it is more than treating those who are ill, rather it is a model of care and service to others, and it iscontinually evolving. The nature of nursing roll ups around commitment to pu blic service and an undeniable desire to help those in need. It is my belief that crucial aspects of nursing include the prevention of illness, the treatment of the ill, and the promotion of health, as well as caring for clients.Caring acknowledges what is important to the patient (Austgard, 2006), and I feel this shapes the delivery of nursing care. I believe to say that caring is not intertwined with nursing is to say that breathing has nothing to do with oxygen for the two go hand and hand, and nursing would not be what it is without its aspect of caring, just like breathing would not be possible without oxygen. The nature of nursing should wrap around respect for each patient and reverence of human dignity.The nature of nursing is also rooted in science and medical knowledge. It is the address to prevent illness and treat those who are ill, and this requires a base train of medical knowledge to off a crap nursing care possible. Since the medical field is something that is continually evolving, nurses must keep up to date with the current outflank practices and delivery of patient care. Nursing is a process that requires continual look for and learning.Nursing and Patient CareIn regards to nursing and patient care, my philosophy of nursing focuses on holistic, patient-centered care, as well as a caring and compassionate patient relationship. A holistic view of the patient allows the nurse to connect with patients on a relational level in which nurses get to understand the values of patients, and this flesh of practice separates physician care from nursing care.Holism involves studying and sagacity the interrelationships of the bio-psycho-social-spiritual dimensions of the person, recognizing that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, (Dossey, 2010, p.14), meaning holistic nursing is not only concerned with a patients physical well being, but it also concerned with patients emotional, spiritual, and mental well being. Nurses, by nature ar e concerned with a patients comfort, for comfort remains a substantive need throughout life and, as such, should be considered an indispensable constituent of holistic nursing care, (Malinowski & Stamler, 2002).Patients who feel agreeable cope better with their illness and have faster rates of healing then those patients who admit to being uncomfortable(Malinowski & Stamler, 2002) and as a nurse it is my terminus to make sure my patient is physically comfortable as well as mentally and emotionally comfortable. It is my mission to make my care centered upon the patients needs and wishes. I believe it is important for patients to be informed and be fighting(a) in their care, and I hope to have a collaborative relationship with my patients so that their needs and wants are met.I want my personal nursing to revolve around building a rely and caring relationship with patients because to progress a trusting relationship is necessary in order to imbibe the situation from the patients perspective and an absolute prerequisite for acknowledging and realizing a patients values, (Austgard, 2006, p.16). I value what is important to each patient, and even if his or her wishes are something I personally disagree with, it is still my good and ethical responsibility to treat the personal needs of my patient and work for the best possible outcome.Nursing and Healthcare ProfessionalsNot only is nursing concerned with patient relationships, but also it involves relations with many other health care professionals as well, for nursing care could not be effective would not effective without the help of other health care professionals. In the past, health care relationships stemmed from the hierarchal basis, and communication took place on a vertical level, but with health care delivery evolving, interdisciplinary teamwork has operate a prominent aspect in patient care. As a nurse, I desire to have an open, honest, and effective relationship with other health care profession als while keeping the patients needs and wishes as the driving force for care.Communication is a key element in any relationship and it is inbred in the health care relationships. Interprofessional collaborative practice has shown to improve patient outcomes and retention of medical staff (Wood, Flavell, Vanstolk, Bainbridge, & Nasmith, 2009), thus quislingism is something I feel is comminuted for my nursing practice. I would like for my relationship with other health care professionals to be one of collaboration, rather than competition.Health professionals must be able to work in collaborative practice models such as interprofessional teams in order to ensure consistent, continuous and true care, (Wood et al., 2009) and this supports the notion that interprofessional teamwork in nursing care is essential for the best patient care. I feel that effectivepatient care and positive patient outcomes should be the driving force behind interprofessional health care relationships.Nursi ng and the mob a shit CultureA work culture is the attitude and personality of a hospital unit, and I feel that a work culture can significantly determine patient care delivery. My preferred work culture would be one consisting of interprofessional collaboration, open communication, and positive attitudes. Teamwork is an essential component of nursing, and I would like to work on a unit in which teamwork is valued and put into practice.Communication is critical for a positive work culture, and I personally would like a culture in which the opinion of the staff is encouraged and valued. It is my philosophy that a positive work culture will positively affect patient moral, and this runs to better patient outcomes. Nursing and the Environment and SocietyAs a nurse, I feel as though my responsibility to the health and safety of others goes farther than the hospital of clinic I work in. Nursing has a disciplinary goal to contribute to the health of individuals and the overall health of society, (McCurry, Revell & Roy, 2009) and I believe nurses are obligate to promote health in their communities and nationwide. Since my philosophy of nursing is more than a profession and that is something that is focused on the commitment to public service, it would be wrong for me to ignore the health care needs of my community.As a nurse, it is very important that I aid in addressing the healthcare needs of my personal community and environment as well as society as a whole. I feel as though it is my duty and responsibility to orchestrate an active grapheme in healthcare issues among the country, including issues such as roll of tobacco cessation and primary prevention of health care. I personally would like to be a resource for my environment and take a role in health promotion throughout society.Nurses across the nation should take and active role in promoting health across the nation in work for the safety of all individuals. Not only do I feel as though it is impor tant to focus on my community, but I also feel responsible for helping those who have special healthcare access, especially those in underprivileged areas of the world. I desire to take part in medical tripsoversees to promote health education and wellness in areas where this information is limited.Vision of Personal Nursing PracticeMy vision for nursing practice focuses on what is doing what is most beneficial to my patient. I hope to build caring, trusting relationships with my patients as well as play a positive role in their health outcome. No two patients will ever be the same, and my vision is to individualize care for each of my patients so their personal, emotional, and physical needs can be met. I ever so want to value each patient as an individual and respect his or her needs and dignity.My goal is to empower each patient to be active in their care in hopes of improving patient outcomes. Personally, I would like to continue to practice nursing care that is congruent with the best evidence to date, and continue to enquiry and discover better ways of doing things. My vision of my nursing practice is to deliver quality and reliable patient care while promoting health in my community.ConclusionThrough this philosophy paper, I have explored what nursing truly means to me, and have become more aware of principles I value for clinical practice. I value holistic nursing and want to value each patient as an individual with varying needs. Respect for every patient is essential in preserving a patients dignity.My goal is for the patient to always be the focus of care and to make sure the patients values are understood. Interprofessional collaboration is an aspect I hope to see in my nursing practice in order to better run my patients. I desire to work in a healthy working environment in which open communication is encouraged. Nursing is something I plan to extend beyond the hospital in an effort to improve the health of my community and the country as a who le. This information and these personal values will serve as a guide for my personal standards of nursing practice.Philosophy of NursingEvery nurse holds her own personal views and beliefs about nursing. These views and beliefs encompass the nurses personal nursing philosophy. The nurse may find that her philosophy changes as her practice continues to grow over time. My philosophy as a new graduate nurse twelve years ago is much different from my philosophy today. I attribute this life experiences and to the growth I have experienced as both a person and a nurse.My personal definition of nursing is based on the nurse being a loving, compassionate, dependable, competent, responsible, comforting and passionate person. A nurse not only cares for her patients physical ailments but cares for the whole person and family unit. Nurses promote both physical and emotional well-being. Nurses should be able to recognize cultural differences and advocate for patients in a non-judgmental manner. Nursing is centered on health both good and bad. Nurses often find patients in poor health and work to assist them back to their normal health state.Often times, it is not realistic for patients to be able to return to their previous state of health. In this case nurses help patients adapt to their illness and lead productive lives despite managing chronic illness. Nursing not only consists of health promotion but also of illness prevention. Health promotion includes prevention of illness and also improving patients overall well-being. Nola Pender is a pioneer in health promotion and as a nurse I use her Health Promotion Model as a guide in my current nursing practice.To consider ones philosophy of nursing, one inevitably considers our beliefs about man. I believe man exists as a unique and holistic individual within a culturally diverse society. In my culture, man is expected to be self-reliant and responsible for himself and his family. Self-reliance is attained by the ability to provide self-care. Self-care is the ability to provide for ones own basic needs. If self-care is not maintained, illness/death may occur. My culture, like many others, considers the sick worthy of assistance.As nurses, it is our responsibility to offer assistance in bringing people back to their normal state of health if possible. Nurses do this by intervening in a manner that is acceptable to patients while also recognizing that patients have certain rights to refuse the care offered to them. It is important for nurses to recognize the many different reasons patients may not accept the care they are offering. Nurses should be non-judgmental and recognize cultural differences so that they may provide culturally competent care

Persuasive Speech Eating Healthy with a College Lifestyle Essay

Specific figure To inform the audience how to shape nutrient ingest choices when youre strapped for eon and on the move. Central Idea Packing a lunch, choosing a restaurant and meal wisely, and charge nutritious snacks available send word all propose for nutritious eating habits even with an on the-go college lifestyle.IntroductionI. The average college scholar is often pressed for time.A. As a scholar be you typically under a lot of stress? B. Do you often bugger off yourself eating on the go?II. I myself am a college student and find it difficult to overturn bad habits like skipping meals or a great deal visiting fast food restaurants. III. But eating a florid diet ignore help you feel expose, cope with stress, and perform better in the classroom and on the athletic field. It really isnt that potent to get functi nonpareild. IV. Packing a lunch, choosing a restaurant and meal wisely, and keeping nutritious snacks available can all provide for nutritious eating habits even with an on-the-go college lifestyle.(Transition Lets start by looking at packing your own lunch.)BodyI. Packing or preparing a lunch can really be a great way to start eating healthier. A. You endure healthier options to choose from than you would eating out. B. As explained in the article Coffee, dejeuner Spending Tops Tax Refunds packing a lunch is usually little expensive than eating out. The average pass on lunch alone is $37 a week, or $2,000 a year. C. Many convenient options available so you dont have to have a peanut butter and jelly organise everyday. 1. If you respect sandwiches, use a variety of whole-grain breads, pitas, and wraps.2. Extra food from dinner make great leftovers to bring for lunch, expert Connie Diekman, RD, president of the American Dietetic acquaintance suggests Leftovers are the perfect food to pack and take for lunch because you can control the portions and calories in the meal to ensure it will be nutritious, make full and delicio us. 3. Produce that can be cut, bagged and stored until lunch time carrots, celery, cucumber, cherry tomatoes, tasty red pepper, sugar snap peas, apples, blueberries, grapes and melon. D. Bagged lunches can beprepared the darkness before and can be made in a a few(prenominal) minutes. for convenience so it is easy to eat respectable.(Transition Going out for lunch is a common way to meet up with friends.)II. Making well and delicious choices in restaurants is also easier today. A. eating houses are incorporating healthier choices into their menus with more options in portion sizes, preparation methods and menu items. 1. Choose a small or medium portion. This includes main dishes, side dishes, and beverages. 2. Order steamed, grilled, or broiled dishes kind of of those that are fried or sauted. 3. Ask for whole-wheat bread for sandwiches.4. As a beverage choice, ask for water instead of soda. wiz 20-ounce can of soda has approximately 22 packets of sugar. (How untold Sugar I s In One Can Of Soda) B. You can easily choose healthier items on the menu. 1. Ask them to hold the mayo and otherwise fattening sauces. A tablespoonful of regular mayonnaise has almost 100 calories 2. Many fast-food chains direct offer healthy sides in place of French fries. Take the healthy option. Even though they are made from potatoes, which are technically a vegetable, these are the biggest offenders. They are deep fried to the point of removing all nutritional value.In the opinion of physician Dr. Mercola French fries are one of the top 5 absolute worst foods you cant eat. C. to a greater extent and more restaurants are appealing to the demand for healthier menus. 1. Subway and other deli-style fast-food chains where you can order a sub or sandwich on whole wheat bread or a wrap, a lower-fat and lower-calorie option than fried food. 2. Between the breakfast and lunch menus, theres only one entre at Chick-Fil-A that breaks 500 calories, and thats the 530-calorie sausage Bi scuit. Chick-Fil-A received the highest rating fast-food restaurant in the Eat This Not That Restaurant Survival Guide, by David Zinczenko.(Transition Now that we have looked at bagged lunches and eating-out, lets turn to snacking healthy.)III. Keeping healthy snacks easily accessible keeps hunger away. A. garnerit a habit to eat a piece of fruit, a curl of cereal, or some low-fat yogurt before you set out to function errands. Regular eating can help you feel full and avoid temptation B. Blend a fruit smoothie or revel to take with you on your commute. C. Stock your car with bottled water and healthy snacks. slang a small snack before the cravings hit and youre less likely to pull into that drive-through fast-food outlet.ConclusionI. As we have seen, there are several options for eating healthy on the go.II. I have concentrate on packing a lunch, choosing a restaurant and meal wisely, and nutritious snacks.III. Healthy eating habits living a busy college lifestyle is potential with these points in mind.BibliographyDavid, Zinczenko. Eat This Not That Restaurant Survival Guide. Emmaus, PA Rodale, 2010. Print.Kim, Susanna. Coffee, Lunch Spending Tops Tax Refunds. ABC News. ABC News Network, 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 07 Jan. 2013.How Much Sugar Is in One Can of Soda? How Much Sugar Is in One Can of Soda? N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2013.Mercola, Joseph. The Five coercive Worst Foods You Can Eat. Mercola.com. N.p., 18 Oct. 2003. Web. 07 Jan. 2013Adams, Mike. Five Appetite Control Foods That squeeze Cravings without Adding Calories. Five Appetite Control Foods That Suppress Cravings without Adding Calories. Natural News Network, 20 Jan. 2005. Web. 07 Jan. 2013.

Consensus

Consensus conclusiveness- train is a theme decisiveness making move that seeks the consent of solely participants. Consensus whitethorn be defined profession tout ensembley as an acceptable resolution, unity that goat be supported, even if non the favourite of distributively individual. Consensus is defined by Merriam-Webster as, first, world-wide symmetricalness, and second, multitudeing solidarity of belief or sentiment. It has its origin in the Latin newsworthiness consensus (agreement), which is from consentio meaning liter every last(predicate)y feel together. 1 It is apply to describe both(prenominal) the decision and the member of reaching a decision.Consensus decision-making is thus link uped with the solve of deliberating and finalizing a decision, and the social and political effects of using this crop. Consensus decision making is an resource to commonly practiced adversarial decision making processes. 5 Roberts Rules of Order, for instance, is a proce ss used by m both organizations. The goal of Roberts Rules is to structure the debate and going of proposals that win approval done majority vote. This process does not show the goal of wide-eyed agreement.Critics of Roberts Rules believe that the process can read adversarial debate and the formation of competing factions. These kinetics whitethorn harm throng subdivision relationships and undermine the ability of a classify to cooperatively implement a contentious decision. Consensus decision making is also an alternative to top-down decision making, commonly practiced in hierarchical collections. Top-down decision making occurs when leaders of a group make decisions in a expression that does not include the participation of all interested stakeholders.The leaders may (or may not) gather input, but they do not open the deliberateness process to the whole group. Proposals atomic number 18 not collaboratively developed, and wide agreement is not a primary objective. Crit ics of top-down decision making believe the process fosters incidence of either complacency or rebellion among disempowered group members. Additionally, the resulting decisions may overlook important concerns of those directly affected. Poor group relationship dynamics and decision implementation problems may result. Consensus decision making attempts to apportion the problems of both Roberts Rules of Order and top-down cases.Proponents claim that outcomes of the consensus process include3 * relegate Decisions Through including the input of all stakeholders the resulting proposals may better address all potential concerns. * Better Implementation A process that includes and respects all parties, and generates as much agreement as possible sets the stage for great cooperation in implementing the resulting decisions. Better Group Relationships A cooperative, collaborative group line can foster greaConsensus Process There ar multiple bit-by-bit dumbfounds of how to make decisio ns by consensus.They vary in the amount of detail the stairs describe. They also vary depending on how decisions are finalized. The basic model involves * collaboratively generating a proposal, * identifying unsatisfied concerns, and then * modifying the proposal to generate as much agreement as possible. After a concerted attempt at generating full agreement, the group can then apply its final decision regularisation to chance if the existing level of agreement is sufficient to finalize a decision. edit Specific models edit Consensus decision-making with consensus blockingFlowchart of basic consensus decision-making process. Groups that require unanimity commonly use a core set of procedures depicted in this flow chart. 232425 Once an order of business for handling has been set and, optionally, the ground rules for the confrontation have been agreed upon, each gunpoint of the agenda is addressed in turn. Typically, each decision arising from an agenda item follows through a s imple structure * banter of the item The item is discussed with the goal of identifying opinions and information on the topic at cave in.The popular direction of the group and potential proposals for action are often determine during the discussion. * Formation of a proposal Based on the discussion a formal decision proposal on the issue is presented to the group. * Call for consensus The facilitator of the decision-making personate calls for consensus on the proposal. Each member of the group usually must actively state their agreement with the proposal, often by using a hand gesture or raising a colored card, to avoid the group interpreting silence or inaction as agreement.The number of blocks is counted to determine if this steps consent threshold is satisfied. If it is, dissenters will be asked to collaborate on a minority position or statement so that any eccentric or shared concerns with proceeding with the agreement, or any harms, can be addressed/minimized. This can ha ppen even if the consent threshold is unanimity, peculiarly if many voters stand aside. * Identification and addressing of concerns If consensus is not achieved, each dissenter presents his or her concerns on the proposal, potentially starting anformer(a) round of discussion to address or clarify the concern. Modification of the proposal The proposal is amended, re-phrased or ridered in an attempt to address the concerns of the decision-makers. The process then returns to the call for consensus and the cycle is ingeminate until a satisfactory decision passes the consent threshold for the group. edit Quaker model Quaker-establish consensus26 is effective because it puts in place a simple, time-tested structure that moves a group towards unity. The Quaker model has been employed in a mixing of secular settings.The process allows for individual voices to be heard while providing a mechanism for dealing with disagreements. 2728 The following aspects of the Quaker model can be effecti vely applied in any consensus decision-making process, and is an adaptation prepared by Earlham College * Multiple concerns and information are shared until the sense of the group is clear. * Discussion involves active listening and sharing information. * Norms limit number of times one asks to speak to master that each speaker is fully heard. * Ideas and solutions belong to the group no names are recorded. Differences are resolved by discussion. The facilitator ( clerk or convenor in the Quaker model) identifies areas of agreement and names disagreements to push discussion deeper. * The facilitator articulates the sense of the discussion, asks if there are other concerns, and proposes a minute of the decision. * The group as a whole is responsible for the decision and the decision belongs to the group. * The facilitator can discern if one who is not uniting with the decision is acting without concern for the group or in selfish interest. * Dissenters perspectives are embraced. 26K ey components of Quaker-based consensus include a belief in a common humanity and the ability to conciliate together. The goal is unity, not unanimity. Ensuring that group members speak only once until others are heard encourages a diversity of thought. The facilitator is understood as serving the group rather than acting as person-in-charge. 29 In the Quaker model, as with other consensus decision-making processes, by articulating the emerging consensus, members can be clear on the decision, and, as their views have been taken into account, will be likely to support it. 30 edit CODM ModelThe Consensus-Oriented Decision-Making31 model offers a detailed step-wise description of consensus process. It can be used with any type of decision rule. It outlines the process of how proposals can be collaboratively built with full participation of all stakeholders. This model allows groups to be flexible enough to make decisions when they need to, while still following a format that is based on the primary values of consensus decision making. The CODM steps include 1. soma the topic 2. Open Discussion 3. Identifying Underlying Concerns 4. Collaborative Proposal expression . Choosing a Direction 6. Synthesizing a Final Proposal 7. Closure edit Overlaps with thoughtful methods Consensus decision-making models overlap significantly with deliberative methods, which are processes for structuring discussion that may or may not be a lead-in to a decision. edit Roles The consensus decision-making process often has several roles which are designed to make the process predominate more effectively. Although the name and nature of these roles varies from group to group, the most common are the facilitator, a timekeeper, an empath and a secretary or notes taker.Not all decision-making bodies use all of these roles, although the facilitator position is almost always filled, and some groups use supplementary roles, much(prenominal) as a Devils advocate or greeter. Some decision- making bodies opt to turn off these roles through the group members in order to build the experience and skills of the participants, and counteract any perceived concentration of power. 23 The common roles in a consensus meeting are * Facilitator As the name implies, the role of the facilitator is to help make the process of reaching a consensus decision easier.Facilitators accept responsibility for moving through the agenda on time ensuring the group adheres to the mutually agreed-upon mechanics of the consensus process and, if necessary, suggesting alternate or additional discussion or decision-making techniques, much(prenominal) as go-arounds, break-out groups or role-playing. 3233 Some consensus groups use two co-facilitators. Shared facilitation is often adopt to diffuse the perceived power of the facilitator and create a system whereby a co-facilitator can pass off facilitation duties if he or she becomes more in person engaged in a debate. 34 * Timekeeper The purpose of t he timekeeper is to ensure the decision-making system keeps to the schedule set in the agenda. Effective timekeepers use a variety of techniques to ensure the meeting runs on time including giving stag time updates, ample warning of short time, and keeping individual speakers from pickings an excessive amount of time. 23 * Empath or Vibe Watch The empath, or vibe watch as the position is sometimes called, is charged with monitoring the emotional climate of the meeting, taking note of the body language and other non-verbal cues of the participants.Defusing potential emotional conflicts, maintaining a climate bountiful of intimidation and being aware of potentially destructive power dynamics, such as sexism or racism within the decision-making body, are the primary responsibilities of the empath. 32 * commemorate taker The role of the notes taker or secretary is to document the decisions, discussion and action points of the decision-making body. * ter group cohesion and interperso nal connection.

Alibaba Competing in China and Beyond

Case Alibaba Competing in china and Beyond Electric commerce (e-commerce) is the buying and selling of wares or serve over an electronic medium like the internet. The advantages of e-commerce are speedy legal proceeding, less(prenominal) travel, low operational costs, ability to reach a large node base, and round the clock buying and selling. Some of the disadvantages of e-commerce are the minimum amounts of guest to company interactions which leads to trust slues, e-commerce is prone to fraud and theft, and there is no underwrite on product quality.In a market like China, its important to study the topical anesthetic culture, values, the political government, and the linguistic communication. The political government in China has a major(ip) impact on the Internet companies in China. It is important for e-commerce companies in China to understand how to successfully launch a Chinese language website or design a search engine that would suit the intricate language. In ord er to gain an edge amongst their competitors, international companies must adjudicate out local anaesthetic anaesthetic help to understand the local culture and values, the language, the consumers, and how to passel with the politics of the region.Alibaba, founded by Jack Ma, is a website which allows for buyers and sellers all over the man to engage in electronic business transactions. Alibaba played a major role in bringing the Internet Revolution to China. Ma achieved this by allowing small and medium-size enterprises (SME) in China to benefit from cross border apportion through his website. Alibaba do their money from the 21 million users who paid annual subscriptions. Alibaba established itself when the Chinese Internet industry was still in its infancy.This was the utter(a) opportunity for e-commerce companies because of the deficiency of competition. However, the competition that they did face were Global Sources and MeetChina, which were also launched in 1999. In order to gain a competitive advantage in the B2B market Alibaba did not charge fees for any transaction. That was a strategy that critics were disbelieving about. However, Alibaba built a customer base that would end up to be un beed. What made Alibaba so successful was its ability to rapidly correct to veritable market trends in China.In the dotcom bubble burst Alibaba reformulated their strategy to concentrating on up(a) its business in China rather than focusing on globose markets, they moved the headquarters back from Shanghai to Hangzhou, and they would concentrate on the richest regions in China. Foreign companies saw opportunity in Chinas expanding e-commerce market. One of those companies was US-based eBay Inc. , who entered China by acquiring stake in Shanghais EachNet. com for $30 million. Ma then launched Taobao to rival eBay in the Business to Consumer (B2C) and Consumer to Consumer (C2C) market.Again, Taobao employed the free concept strategy to flack to build a c onsumer base by offering free listings on their website. Alibaba also developed a promotional strategy for Taobao in which they announce through online ads and billboards. Taobao also had a unique feature where users can email and chat with each other onsite unlike their eBay counterparts who concealed sellers identity and exclusively offered communications through offline messaging. Taobao also addressed the trust factor during online transactions between buyers and sellers by developing AliPay, similar to Paypal.The first mistake that eBay Inc. made was that they based their business strategy on the US business model. What whole kit well in one region will not plow in others. Ma quoted We knew that someday, eBay would come in our direction. indicating that Alibaba had done their research and they were fain for the arrival of any potential rivals. After cornering 79% of the market shares in China, eBay soon found itself in fierce competition with Alibaba when Alibaba made p rompt marketing adjustments. Bay s other mistake was that they entered China assume that they have a global product. What they failed to realize is that the Taobao product was designed for the local consumer while eBays product was more product based, meaning they are more concerned with how to get more consumers to use their product rather than does this product fit the consumers wants and needs. eBay declined to drop their auction fees and failed to improve consumer interaction on their website to cope with Taobao. eBay should have focused more on the local strategies that other local business use.They could have done this if they were more consumer driven and aligned with the local environment. eBay should have went through the process of environmental scanning. They should have conducted an analysis of their original and potential competitors to find out what their goals and strategies are and what are their strengths and weaknesses. eBays lack of friendship and ignorance o f the local market left them unprepared for rapid change that local businesses employ. Foreign competitors fail to enter the Chinese market because they lack the nderstanding of the language, the culture, and they lack the ability to adapt rapidly to change. Foreign companies can address this issue by preparing a strategy for entry such as elevate ways to enable fast communication and processes for quick business conclusiveness making. They should hire within the country to adopt the workers who have a catch of the local culture and values. They should be prepared for change and learn to adapt with the local market trends and prepare a plan of action to pit faster.

History of India Essay

India, or Bharat, the fifth largest and the second populated country in the beingness, is one of the few countries which depose boast of an antique, deep-rooted and diverse cultivation, which stretches gumption to 5000 long time. In ancient times, India was known as Bharata Varsha, the country of the legendary pouf of Puranic times c altogethered Bharat, and was considerd to be a incite of the island continent c all(prenominal)ed Jambu Dvipa. geologically speaking, India formed part of the Gondwana land and was attached to Antarctica and Australia, before it was liberated from the Antarctica difficult about 135 million geezerhood ago and started drifting towards the conglutination and finally joining southwest Asia about 45 million years ago.The Siwalik foothills of the north-western Himalayas served as home base to the fossil primate genus known as Ramapithecus, which lived some 14 million years ago. Researches open excessively make that a species resembling the A ustralopithecus lived in India about 2 million years ago. approximately anthropologists believe that the Chotanagpur region witnessed the trans establishment of Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens. This claim is base on the findings of hand axes and blades in the region of Pathalgarwa and the disco rattling of Harappan pottery in the nearby atomic number 18as.Early CivilisationsExtensive archaeological excavations carried out at Mohenjodaro in the present Pakistan in 1922 brought to light the existence of a highly civilize and urbanized culture known as the Harappan Civilization in India, which reign the north-western part of the Indian Subcontinent. It is believed that this civilisation c everyplaceed an ara of 1600 km from eastern hemisphere to west and 1100 km from north to south, which exceeds the area occupied by modern-day civilisations interchangeable the Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilisations. This civilisation is generally dated from about 2600 to 2000 B.C. However, Car bon-14 compendium of the structures at Mehrgarh near the Bolan Pass has indicated that the people of this place were growing pale yellow and barley and tending sheep and goat as untimely as 5000 B.C. Archaeologists capture by now discovered more than 800 billets related to the Harappan Civilisation.Most scholars believe that the Harappan Civilisation was decayed as a result of the problems of ecology. The attached most important phase in the Indian muniment came centuries afterwards with the climax of Aryans from the north-west of India. The Aryan migration to India was gradual and spread over galore(postnominal) centuries. on that point is a difference of opinion about the original home of the Aryans. The different suggestions given by different scholars vary considerably in terms of geographic position in the world. Bal Gangadhar Tilak suggested that the Arctic region could be the home of Aryans. P.Giles suggested Hungary, Austria, Bohemia or the Valley of Danube as t he possible home of Aryans, piece of medicinal drug muck Muller suggested Central Asia, Penka suggested Germ all or S deposedinavia, Edward whitethorner suggested Plateau of Pamir and Dr B.K.Ghosh and Gordon Childe suggested South Russia. in that location are differents who vouch for an Indian origin of the Aryans, uniform Ganganath Jha (origin from Brahmarishi Desh), D.S.Kala (hilly region of Himalayas and Kashmir), Avinashchandra das (Saptasindhu Pradesh) and Rajbali Pandey (Madhya Desh). The Aryans developed a remarkable culture, popularly known as Vedic culture, which was markedly different from the Harappan Culture. The Vedic period is divided into the Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 B.C.) and the Later Vedic Period (1000-600 B.C.). The Vedic period can be considered as the foundation stone for the Indian culture in all its multitudinous aspects.It laid the foundation for the Hindi Dharma and produced a host of religious and secular texts, which constitute a very important part of the religious heritage of India. The Vedas, Upavedas, Upanishads, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and the Dharmashastras were produced during these times. The institution of gotra and the caste system appeared in the later Vedic times. From this period onwards, India functioned as a virtually self-contained semipolitical and cultural unit, which gave rise to a distinctive tradition that was associated primarily with Hinduism, although other religions, nonably Buddhism and Jainism in the ancient times, Islam in the gallant period and Christianity in the modern times, did make a fast(a) impact on the socio-cultural aspects of India.eternal mixed bagThere is an endless diversity in India starting from its personal features to Geologic structure, fauna and flora, demographic structure, races, languages, religions, arts and crafts and impost and traditions. India has been variously exposit as the Mini World, the epitome of the world and an ethnological museum. The diversities are so bewildering that for numerous people in the Western world, India remains a land full of mysteries and myths. The diversity in India is unique in the comprehend that it binds the country together in some form of common identification. belowneath this diversity lies the continuity of Indian civilization and social structure from the very soonest times until the present day.This concept of Unity in Diversity is perhaps typical of India and has served as its strength during all ages and during the roughest times in its political and cultural history. It is amazing that different elements of Indian culture, particularly its dramatic even outt and the arts, despite passing through different political phases, are characterised by an unmistakable unity and continuity. The successive waves of migration into India starting with the Indo-Greeks (2nd Century B.C.), the Kushans (First nose candy A.D.), the incursions from the northwest by Arab, Turkish, Persian and others beginning in th e number 1 8th hundred A.D. and finally the establishment of the Muslim empire by the 13th century A.D. and the advent of Europeans the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English, the Danes and the French into India, have brought in new elements in arts, music, literature, customs and traditions, which got absorbed into the Indian way of life, thus enriching the Indian culture.From the very ancient times India not only absorbed the unlike cultures into its composite fold, exactly it also managed to spread the rich elements of its own unique culture in different parts of the world. It is historically recorded that the Chola rulers had cultural contacts with countries like Ilamandalam (Sri Lanka), Sri Vijaya (Sumatra), Chavakam (Java), Kamboja (Cambodia) and Kadaram (Malay Peninsula). Evidences of these early Indian contacts are still found in the art and architecture of these countries. The Southeast Asian countries formed a stronghold of Indian culture from the early centuries of the Christian era. The various Southeast Asian languages show strong influence of Sanskrit. Many earlier kingdoms of these countries had adopted Hinduism as their religion, whose influence is hearable even today. India presents a picture of unity in diversity to which history provides no parallel.There is complete harmony in India in to each one of its cultural elements. Religion and philosophy, which forms the bedrock of any civilisation, are evident in India in the form of all major religions in the world Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism and Judaism. some(prenominal) unique philosophical thoughts like Kapilas Sankhya Philosophy, Patanjalis Yoga, Gautamis Nyaya, Kananadas Vaisheshika and Jaiminis Purva Mimamsa developed in India and attracted the attention of the outside world. Religious margin has been the characteristic of the Indian civilisation right from the ancient days. Hindu sages bind that there is no single religion that teaches ways leading to an scoop shovel path to salvation. All genuine spiritual paths are valid and all massive religions are like the branches of a tree the tree of religion.This teaching lays foundation for the Hindu ideal of universal harmony. This tradition was carried forward in the medieval times by the Sufi and Bhakti saints like Ramananda, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Baba Farid, Baba Malukadasa, Baba Dharinidasa and Garibadasa. Indeed, the framers of the Indian organisation ensured the continuance of these glorious traditions when they declared India as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic state. Regional Diversity Each state of India has its own language and personate of tribes, festivals, arts and crafts and customs and traditions. While there are the Chenchus tribes in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, Bhils and Gonds in the Central India, Dogris, Gujjars and Ladakhis in the Jammu and Kashmir and Nagas, Bodos, Mishmis, Gharos and Khasis in the Northeast, there are tribes like th e Jarewas, Onges, Andamanis and Sentinelese in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.There are some festivals, which are typical of particular states, towns or villages like the Bonnalu of Andhra Pradesh, Pushkar of rajahsthan, Rajrani of Orissa, Teej of Rajasthan and Bogali Bihu of Assam. Each region is also identified with its typical federation of tribes and tribal dance forms, like Puli Vesham of Andhra Pradesh, Keli Gopal of Assam, Chhau of Bihar, Dandia of Gujarat, Bhangra of Punjab and Otthanthulal of Kerala. A similar distinction can also be open in the folk drama, theatre and puppetry forms, as also the arts and crafts.Development of Arts and Fine ArtsThere was a continuous evolution of drama, music, dance, painting and folk art forms under the different political rules in India that ultimately led to the development of the decisive Indian element in each of these forms. Thus, within the ambience of Indian culture one can identify Indian Music, Indian Dance, Indian Theatre, I ndian Literature, Indian Fairs and Festivals and so on. Indian music has a very long and unbroken tradition, which is an stash away heritage of centuries and traces its roots to Vedic days. Bharatas Natyashastra (4th Century A.D.) is a great, all-around(prenominal) work on the science and technique of Indian drama, dance and music.The advent of Muslim rule in India brought in a changed perspective in the style of the Northern Indian music. The traditional Hindu devotional music form of dhruvapad got transformed into the classical dhrupad form of singing under the Muslim rule. The khayal developed as a new form of singing in the 18th century A.D. and became equally popular among the Hindus and Muslims. Different ragas began to be introduced from the medieval times. Tansen created many new ragas like Darbari Kanada, Darbari Todi, Miyan Ki Todi, Miya ki Malhar and Miya ki Sarang, which until now, are regarded as the foremost ragas of Northern India. Sultan Hussain Sarki of Jaunpur in troduced ragas like Jaunpuri tori and Hussaini Kanada. Amir Khusro is credit with the macrocosm of the Hemant, Prabhat Kali and Hem Behag ragas.A large variety of foreign musical instruments like Harmonium, Sarod, Shehnai, Sitar, Tabla and Violin were introduced in India to supplement the ancient musical instruments like Flute, Nadaswaram, Veena, Gootuvadhyam, Thavil, Mridangam and Plain drum. The six outstanding Sanskrit playwrights of all times, Shudraka, Harsha, VisakhA.D.atta, Bhasa, Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti have do tremendous contributions in the report of dramatics. Kalidasas Shakuntala, King Harshas Ratnavali, Bhasas Swapna-vasavadatta, Bhavabhutis Uttara-rama-charita and Mahavira-charita, Visakhadattas Mudrarakshasa are some of the outstanding Sanskrit plays, which indicate that India had a highly sophisticated theatre tradition in ancient times when in most other countries it was still in its infancy.Again in the field of literature, the earliest writing can be traced to the Rig Vedic poetry in Sanskrit. The Rigveda consists of 1028 suktas or hymns that are distributed in ten books called mandalas. This is perhaps, the earliest poetry in the world. The two great Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata composed by Valmiki and Vyasa respectively, on with the Puranas, constitute the pillars of the Indian literature. The Manu Smriti (1st century B.C.) is the best illustrator of the Dharma-sastras or Smritis or the Hindu religious faithfulnesss. Kalidasa, Bairavi, Sudraka, Vishnu Sharma, Dandin and others composed some(prenominal) literary masterpieces in the ancient times. Indias contribution to the world was also immense in the field of astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Aryabhatta was the eldest to state that the earth moves round the sun and that the eclipses are caused by the shA.D.ow of the earth falling on the moon.Aryabhattas Aryabhatiya, Dasagitika-Sutra and Aryastasata belonging to the 5th century, Varahamihiras Pancha-siddhanti ka, Brahmaguptas Brahmasphuta-siddhanta and Khanda-khadyaka, Bhaskaracharyas Siddhanta-shiromani and Karana-kutuhala and Bhojas Raja-mriganka are important ancient Indian texts on astronomy. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans, which was consolidated 2500 years ago by Charaka, who was exposit as the Father of Medicine. other ancient Indian Sushruta, who is considered as the Father of Surgery, is believed to have conducted modify surgeries using over 125 different surgical equipments. Usage of anaesthesia was also well known in ancient India. Like-wise deep cognition of anatomy, physiology, aetiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts. Indias most precious gift to the world is home in (0), which was referred to as Shunya in the ancient texts.Algebra, trigonometry and calculus also came from India. angiotensin converting enzyme of the best-known achievements of the Indian mathematics is the tenfold system. Its first occurrence was on a plate of the year 595 A.D. where the date 346 A.D. was written in decimal place-value notation. Aryabhatta, who calculated the value of p as 3.1416, is also credited with the creation of Algebraic analysis. Budhayana explained the concept of the Pythagorean Theorem way back in the sixth century. Brahmaguptas Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta has two chapters devoted to arithmetic, algebra and geometry. Bhaskaras Lilavati was for many centuries a exemplar work on arithmetic and Mensuration in the East.The worlds first university was established in Takshila in 700 B.C., where more than 10,500 students from all over the world studied over sixty different subjects. The University of Nalanda established in the 5th century B.C. was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of cultivation. Described as The Oxford University of Mahayana Buddhism, it offered wide range of subjects like literature, logic, grammar, medicine, philosop hy and astronomy. Sanskrit is the capture of all the European languages. A report in the Forbes magazine of July 1987 described Sanskrit is the most suitable language for the computer software. Vaishali, in modern Bihar, is oftentimes described as the Worlds First Republic, as it had a duly elected assembly of representatives and efficient Administration as early as the 6th century B.C.Modern IndiaThe British rule in India, despite its several excesses and oppressive characteristics, had made several useful and dogged contributions to the Indian culture. some(prenominal) social and administrative reforms were introduced during the British period. Warren battle of Hastings brought about a reorganisation of judicial institutions and re-codification of the Hindu law. He established courts of appeal for civil and criminal cases at Calcutta and also a dogmatic Court at Calcutta (now Kolkata). He also gave active encouragement to the formation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Lord Cornwallis laid the foundation for the present Indian constitution. He also brought about judicial reforms by replacing the Shariat law with the English law. William Bentick abolished evil practices prevailing in the Indian society like Sati and female infanticide and introduced modern western education in India.He also established the Calcutta Medical College and the Elphinstone Institution at Bombay (now Mumbai). Lord Dalhousie set up the Public Works Department to look after the construction and tutelage of roads. He also set up the Post & Telegraphs Department and issued the first postage stamp in 1852 at Karachi. He opened the first Railway line on April 16, 1853 between Bombay and Thane. He also legalized the marriages of Hindu widows. The British introduced the neo-Colonial and Indo-Saracenic styles of Architecture in India. They were also instrumental in back up the development of modern theatre and cinema movements in India. The British enacted several laws and regulation s, many of which are still followed in the Indian administrative set-up in some form or the other.The positive outcome of English education was most felt when many Indian social re creators began to emerge on the scene to fight against the social evils like Caste system, untouchability and emancipation of women and the downtrodden. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the foremost among such social reformers, who established the Brahmo Samaj. Soon, other organisations like the Prarthana Samaj, Arya Samaj, Dev Samaj, Ramkrishna Mission and the Theosophical Society of India were set up with similar aims and objectives. later Independence, the Indian Government enacted several legislations to tackle the prevailing social evils. Several steps were also initiated towards the emancipation of women and protection of the weaker sections of the society. Economically and socially, India has made great strides since independence.It has a well-developed infrastructure and a highly diversified industrial bas e, its syndicate of scientific and engineering personnel is the third largest in the world, and the pace of its artless expansion has more than kept up with the growth in its population. speedy strides were also made in the field of Science and Technology and Research. Indias eminent scientists like C.V.Raman, Hargobind Khorana and S.Chandrasekhar won Nobel Prizes for outstanding contributions in their respective fields. India has an advance and well-developed Space Technology programme and the remote sensing data from its IRS series of satellites is much sought after all-over the world. India has even launched satellites for advanced countries like Germany and South Korea. India is now a nuclear power, but its nuclear policy is not aimed at the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or threatening the security of any country. Indias foreign policy is based on enlightened opportunism, peaceful co-existence and respect for international law and the United Nations Organisat ion.March into the hot MillenniumIndia marched into the new Millennium as the fifth biggest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). It has cash in ones chips the leading supplier of IT professionals in the world, particularly to the United States. Its population having get across the one-billionth mark, India has perhaps the largest middle class market in the world. It is and so a matter of great pride for India that the world has given payable recognition to Indians and Indian leaders as major contributors, who have make the world during the last millennium. Mahatma Gandhi was voted the Man of the Millennium in an online opinion treetop conducted by the British Broadcasting Service (BBC)s online news site in December 1999. In an earlier BBC Online poll conducted in May 1999, Gandhi was also voted as the Greatest World Leader. The Time magazine also chose Gandhi as the most important person of the century, next only to Albert genius.The former Prime M inister, Indira Gandhi, was named as the Woman of the Millennium in a BBC poll, forrard of several other distinguished personalities of the world. Indias culture and heritage is so rich and deep-rooted that it may take several months or even years to understand all its dimensions. From the time immemorial India has fascinated many a world traveller like Fahien, Hiuen Tsang, Ibn Batuta, Alberuni, Ferishta, Vasco da Gama, Marco Polo and several others. Albert Einstein once said We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. The great German Indologist Max Muller said If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and beauty that nature can bestow in some parts a very paradise on earth I should point to India.If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed the choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest pr oblems of life, and has found solution of some of them, which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant I should point to India. The following quotation of the great American philosopher and writer Will Durant sums up the divine land called India, thus India was the country of origin of our race, and Sanskrit the mother of Europes languages she was the mother of our philosophy mother, through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics mother, through the Buddha, of ideals embodied in Christianity mother, through the village community, of self-determination and democracy. Mother India is in many ways the mother of us all.